494 



happens that too much suction is also required to bring the liquid 

 into the cylinder, whereas nearly all the work of the piston ought 

 to be expended in forcing it. The cylinder is best at the bottom of 



Nixon's Climax Pump on Barrel and on Tripod. 



the barrel, immersed in the liquid, where there is little or no suction 

 until the barrel is nearly empty, the liquid itself doing the office of 

 packing, instead of rubber, candle-wicking, leather, etc. 



The automatic stirring apparatus should be so perfect that the 

 last spray that leaves the nozzle is as strong and no stronger than 

 the first. Paddles worked by motion of the handles, causing up 

 and down currents, involve less loss of power than when a portion 

 of the liquid returns from the pump to the barrel. 



Keep trash, leaves, and sticks out of the barrel by means of a 

 lid. The supply pipe leading from the pump should be provided 

 with a quick-acting valve, so as not to cause loss of spray when 

 not in use, and for facilitating the removal of any clogging of 

 nozzles set without loss of time, waste of material, and deluging the 

 workmen. 



The hose should be strong, J-inch inside. A smaller diameter 

 would cause too much friction, a larger one would make the hose 

 very heavy when full of material. It is a source of annoyance that 

 universal gauge threads a*re not used by all makers, as in the case 

 of microscopes. 



Mechanical ingenuity has devised appliances for the even 

 distribution of impalpable powders as well as for the spraying of 

 liquids ; amongst these is the machine here illustrated. 



A strong blast of air is created by moving the lever which 

 carries the powder through a piece of indiarubber piping, termin- 



