549 



loose bark on the trunk or the main limbs of the tree itself or on 

 adjoining trees, or on fencing posts, under heaps of rubbish, among 

 empty cases, potato bags, or other packages, in the cracks of 

 adjoining buildings, in piles of rubbish, or under dry clods ; it has 

 even been seen in the tails and manes of badly groomed horses. 

 Once secreted, it spins for itself a protecting cocoon, and after a 

 time, varying from a few days to as many weeks or even months, 

 it metamorphoses itself into a pupa or chrysalis, when it remains in 

 that state for 10 to 20 days, after which it emerges into a perfect 

 insect. 



It is thus seen that when the circumstances lend themselves to 

 its uninterrupted evolution during the warmer months, the codlin 

 moth takes 40 to 50 days to pass through its metamorphosis ; it often 

 takes much longer. Lea, and with him other careful observers, 

 state that the full-grown grub or lava is, on the other hand, often 

 weeks operating its transformation. It often lies in a semi-comatose 

 state, curled up within its web, all through the autumn and the 

 winter, before it changes into a pupa or chrysalis. 



The theory of multiple broods through the summer months is 

 now fading away under the light of modern observation. A certain 

 proportion do metamorphose into moths again during the season, 

 but the majority of grubs pass the winter without changing to 

 pupae. Lea and others affirm that in most cases only one brood 

 is hatched during the season. 



Just as the grubs or larvae do not pupate all at once, so 

 during the apple season all the moths do not come out at the same 

 time. Those in the gullies, says Lea, will come out later than 

 those in the open, and those on the sunny side of a tree before those 

 on the shaded side. 



This irregularity has led many people to think that the moth 

 was double brooded in Tasmania and other Australian States. The 

 test of complete absence of empty chrysalis cases (not cocoons) in 

 the bandages during January and February is, in Mr. Lea's opinion, 

 conclusive evidence that in Tasmania there is but one brood to deal 

 with. 



Outward Signs of Wormy Fruit. 



1 . A careful examination of a wormy apple often shows, in the 

 locality of the calyx, or the eye, a minute puncture surrounded with 

 the castings of the young grub, more or less entangled in silky web. 

 In some apples this is more apparent than in others. 



2. Frequently, when the apples are growing, a brownish, 

 gummy substance may be seen oozing from the eye ; and this 

 substance invariably denotes the presence of a grub. 



3. When the hole is made in the side, this gummy substance 

 is very seldom seen, and the hole is generally covered with web, to 

 which small particles of excrement adhere. After the grub has left, 

 the hole is generally left partly uncovered, and the excrement 



