95 



than one year old is brought down and buried in this, the extremity 

 being turned up so as to leave two buds free above ground. 



The underground part emits roots, and is at the same time nourished 

 by the parent vine until severed from it, usually two years after the 

 operation was performed ; by this time the roots of the young plant are 

 sufficiently developed to enable it to dispense with the parent stock. 



Although fruit is often obtained the first year, thus saving consider- 

 able loss of time, vines produced in this way are not well constituted; 

 the laterals are greatly developed at the expense of the tap-roots, 

 which are usually absent. We have, in fact, a vine such as is 

 illustrated in Fig. 14, only still less desirably constituted, as the main 

 underground stem, instead of penetrating deeply into the soil, runs 

 along at a small distance from the surface. In a warm, dry climate 

 such a vine would be unable to procure the requisite moisture from 

 the deeper layers of the soil, and might suffer considerably. 



In a cold climate, where there is seldom or never any deficiency of 

 moisture, and where grapes ripen with difficulty, this may be an 

 advantage, as the weakening of the vine increases the strength of the 

 wine. 



For this reason the practice is common in colder parts of Europe, 

 such as Burgundy, where vines are " provigne" as this operation is 

 termed, every six or seven years, a certain number of vines being 

 treated each year. 



Ordinary layering is also employed to obtain young rooted vines 

 in some parts of France, but is not to be recommended. 



Complete burying of a vine is adopted when it is wished to replace 

 an old vine by one or more young vines. This process will be readily 



FIG. 18. 



understood by reference to Fig. 18. It presents the same disadvan- 

 tages as the previous method, and is only to be recommended in a cool 



