118 



which respectively show the vine before and after pruning. It is as 

 well to leave a spare short spur or two on a vine pruned in this way. 



FIG. 40. 



Should any accident happen to the arm bearing the leader, it may then 

 be replaced without loss of time. 



If the vines be staked, it is still possible to prune them long; the 

 leader is then brought round the crown of the vine, and tied either to 

 one of the other arms or to the main stem of the vine. (Fig. 41.) 



FIG. 41. 



This presents the advantage of enabling cultivation to be carried out 

 in several directions, each vine not occupying a much greater space 

 than would be necessary for an ordinary short pruned vine. It is not 

 necessary to explain that the leader should be selected in the same 

 way as for the former system. 



This method, consisting of spurs and rod, may be termed the 

 mixed system of pruning it gives excellent results with such 

 sorts as the Shiraz (Red Hermitage), Tokay, Pinot, and several 



