32 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. 



appearance, and ichorous or sanious pus. When the irri- 

 tation is local, it gives rise to excess in size and extreme 

 painfulness of granulations, while the surrounding parts 

 are congested and oedematous — such is an Inflamed 

 Ulcer. 



Weah Ulcers have large, oedematous, pale, flabby- 

 granulations ; they occur on oedematous organs. 



Callous Ulcers are usually deep with pale base, pre- 

 senting small, imperfectly formed granulations, and having 

 an ichorous discharge of tissue debris. The borders of 

 the ulcer are thickened, hard, and project considerably. 



A Fistula, or Sinus, often has this character. Fistula3 

 penetrate deeply into parts, and open at each extremity. 

 Sinuses have only one opening to each ; but we may have 

 fistulae and sinuses which present all the characters of 

 healthy ulcers except their shallowness. 



Specific Ulcers are such as occur in specific diseases. 

 Sometimes these lesions are diagnostic, but often their 

 special character may be proved only by the nature of the 

 pus produced by them. 



A Cold Ulcer is surrounded by a purple ring of con- 

 gested tissue, and is of a very painful character. It is 

 very often specific, and results from marked deficiency in 

 circulatory energy in the affected part. It occurs under 

 a special form in those parts of old animals which are far 

 from the centre of circulation. It is then termed ^' Senile 

 Ulcer/' and is characterised by a deficient tendency to 

 repair with a liability to rapid spread by sloughing of 

 tissue. Thus, several ulcers " run together,'^ producing 

 a widespread breach of tissue. They are then said to be 

 Confluent Ulcers, and this tendency to blending of ulcers 

 is marked in several specific disorders. 



The Phagedcenic Ulcer rapidly spreads by sloughing of 

 masses of neighbouring tissue. A large foul surface with 

 an ichorous discharge is thus left. This serves to draw 

 our attention to molar death, which may result from in- 

 flammation, and is termed Gangrene, depending upon the 

 processes which constitute sphacelus or mortification. 

 When the supply of blood is cut off from an organ or any 



