232 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. 



and not tlie salivary parotid gland which is affected in almost 

 every instance. Youatt tells us that " this condition is an 

 almost invariable accompaniment of catarrhal affection of 

 the upper air passages, and there is scarcely any epi- 

 demic [sic) among cattle, one of the earliest symptoms of 

 which is not swelling of the head and neck/^ There are 

 swellings, with heat and pain on pressure, on the seat of 

 the parotid, abscesses form and burst, and thus produce 

 obstinate sores. Youatt says, ^' In inflammation, apparently 

 of only an inconsiderable portion of the parotid gland, we 

 have known ulcers of the most offensive character extend 

 from ear to ear, and expose the most important vessels of 

 the upper part of the neck/^ He apparently here alluded 

 either to scrofulous tumours or to the condition known as 

 osteo-sarcoma or spina ventosa {vide infra). Ordinary 

 parotiditis needs no special measures of treatment. 

 Fomentations will be found most valuable, and steaming 

 the air passages is useful. In the ' Yeterinarian,^ vol. 

 xxxii, p. 433, is given a case of cuticular cyst in the 

 parotid. Congestion of the buccal mucous membrane 

 sometimes interferes with the flow of saliva into the 

 mouth, since the openings of the submaxillary ducts below 

 the tongue, and sometimes those of the sublingual in the 

 channel between it and the molars, become tumid and 

 congested, a condition vulgarly known as harhs or paps. 

 This will disappear with its cause. Cruzel, however, says 

 decidedly, that operative removal is necessary. 



Salivary Calculi do not seem to occur often in cattle. 



The tongue of the ox is pointed, more conical, and 

 thicker than that of the horse, and has stouter muscles. 

 It is used as the main organ of prehension, for, curling 

 round a tuft of grass it draws this into the mouth, while 

 the incisors meet the dental pad and bite off the morsel 

 at a short distance above the ground. The tongue is 

 furnished with conical papillae, and, since it is much ex- 

 posed during the performance of its prehensile functions, 

 is protected by a stout horny epidermis. Conical papillae, 

 resembling those of the tongue, are found inside the cheeks 

 These probably serve to retain the food in the mouth. 



