THE EESPIKATOEY APPARATUS. 309 



envelope tlie heart. From the seventh to the ninth ribs 

 the resonance diminishes and is entirely lost in the lower 

 fourth of the latter, as well as over all the ribs behind it. 

 In young and emaciated subjects, by drawing the limb 

 forcibly backwards, and applying the pleximeter as firmly 

 as possible over the first two ribs, a clear sound may be 

 obtained. Right side. — The resonance of the right side 

 differs little from that of the left ; the resonance sometimes 

 being perceptibly less posteriorly, on account of the pre- 

 sence of the liver. In very thin animals a clear sound is 

 produced by percussion in the fossae of the scapula/' 

 (Gamgee). 



Manipulation. — Pressure on the intercostal space causes 

 flinching and other manifestations of pain in pleurisy and 

 pleuro-pneumonia. A fractured condition of the rib and 

 the presence of a needle which has migrated from the 

 reticulum have been determined by this means. 



Siiccussion and Mensuration have not yet been found of 

 much value in cattle disorders. 



The anterior nares have no false nostril, and are con- 

 nected with the upper lip by the smooth humid pad 

 which is termed the muffle. The organ of Jacobson 

 runs from the anterior part of the mouth to that of the 

 nasal chamber. In consequence of separation of the 

 lower margin of the vomer from the palatine suture the 

 nasal chambers communicate posteriorly, so that we can 

 speak only of one posterior naris opening into the pharynx. 

 The facial sinuses are very extensive, and separate the 

 outer from the inner plate of the frontal bone everywhere, 

 except at a point on either side of the centre of the fore- 

 head. They pass into the horn cores, rendering them 

 hollow, and through the parietal bones, and partly into the 

 occipital. The maxillary portion is prolonged into the 

 bony palate.* The nasal peak is trifid. There are described 

 three turbinated bones, but of these the one known as the 

 middle is simply the great ethmoid cell very much 

 enlarged. The lower margin of the vomer is remarkably 

 sharp. The posterior nares, as in other ruminants, are 

 very deep. 



