THE RESPIRATOEY APPARATTTS. 311 



The conjunctiva is more or less congested, whicli leads to 

 lachrymation and accumulation of mucus at the inner 

 canthus. A profuse mucous discharge from the eyes 

 may afterwards set in. Generally these symptoms subside 

 in two or three days, but sometimes they become modified 

 to those indicative of laryngitis. 



Treatment. — House the animal in a well-ventilated 

 place, and nurse. Counteract all such of the causes as 

 are in operation as much as possible ; especially place in 

 fresh air rather than in a close ammoniacal atmosphere. 

 Steam the nostrils either by holding the head over hot 

 washes, or by fixing on a nose- bag containing sawdust or 

 chaff soaked constantly in boiling water, or by Armatage's 

 steam douche, which consists of an india-rubber tube 

 attached to the spout of a tea kettle, the free end being 

 brought towards the animal^s nostrils when the vapour 

 begins to escape (see Fig. 9). A febrifuge dose of 

 Epsom salts, together with a diffusible stimulant, may be 

 given, and the animal allowed nitrated water to drink. 

 Altogether the treatment of simple catarrh is more a 

 matter of nursing than of medicine. 



Epistaxis — Bleeding from the nostrils — is sometimes a 

 symptom of serious blood disorders where ulceration or 

 rupture of blood-vessels of the Schneiderian membrane is 

 present. It is seen as a disease per se in working oxen, 

 in which exposure to the heat of the sun, together with 

 laborious exercise, have given rise to congestion of the 

 vessels of the {Schneiderian membrane with subsequent 

 rupture of their walls. Sometimes it results from injury, 

 especially when there is fracture of the nasal bones. The 

 haemorrhage may be somewhat profuse. Under ordinary 

 circumstances it will cease spontaneously, but sometimes 

 cold-water applications, styptic injections, or plugging the 

 nostrils are necessary. These cases require careful exami- 

 nation, for the haemorrhage may be from some more 

 important membranes than that lining the nostrils. Some- 

 times it results from Polypus in the nasal chamber. Such 

 cases are very rare. Youatt relates one in which, while 

 the pedicle might be traced into the nasal chamber, the main 



