THE UKINE AND URINARY APPARATUS. 335 



animal allowed a free supply of food and drinking water, 

 and nursed, care being taken to change the diet. Later, 

 doses of iodide of potassium will be found beneficial. 

 Special care should be taken that the skin be kept healthy, 

 and the bowels may be aroused into activity by a laxative 

 dose. Tonics may be required in the later stage. The 

 adminstration of laxatives is especially called for, since 

 food containing excess of moisture, or impure, or rank, 

 is liable to cause diabetes. Autopsy shows signs of anasmia. 

 This condition is rare. 



NoN-SECEETiON OP Urine scriously affects the blood, 

 giving rise to the condition know as urcemia. It is seen 

 experimentally after excision of both kidneys, also to a 

 less degree in inflammation of these organs, especially 

 when both are involved. Then the impurities in the 

 blood prove actually poisonous, though the liver and skin 

 endeavour, to a certain extent, to perform the duties of 

 the kidneys in addition to their own labours. This also 

 is but a symptom of disease, and must be treated with the 

 state upon which it depends. Sometimes there is defi- 

 cient secretion of urine, as in fever, and that which is 

 passed is of high specific gravity in consequence of the 

 large amount of extractives it contains. A similar state, 

 but of a chronic character, is due to deficient supply of 

 water for drinking purposes when the patient has been fed 

 on dry food. This certainly predisposes to calculous disor- 

 ders of the urinary passages. It is seen in draught beasts 

 in dry countries, or when animals are turned out on upland 

 pastures in hot, dry weather. Parhes estimates the amount 

 of water necessary for a working ox on dry food at 6 — 8 

 gallons per diem. 



HEMATURIA. — Occurrence of hlood in the urine depends 

 upon injuries, acute congestion, or ulceration of the 

 kidneys or urinary passages. Sometimes also upon exces- 

 sive, indiscriminate, administration of diuretics or ingestion 

 of acrid plants. Straining, leaping on each other, and 

 falling into ditches are the most frequent cause of injury. 

 This is an accompaniment of some forms of blood disease, 

 and is often symptomatic of the presence of calculi. 



