342 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. 



ihe escape of the accumulating urine), or from irritability 

 of the bladder, as in certain disorders of its lining mem- 

 brane or a cystic calculus ; also where the urine is abnor- 

 mally acrid and laden with irritating material ; thus, we 

 have noticed its presence in haematuria. Sometimes it 

 may be deemed advisable to inject demulcents into the 

 bladder. A free exhibition of fluids will dilute the urine 

 and render it less acrid. In all cases the cause must be 

 removed. 



Dysuria is pain in expulsion of urine, seen in inflam- 

 mation of the urethral canal, presence of cystic calculus, 

 and some other cases. 



Strangury, as seen in spasm or inflammation of the neck 

 of the bladder, is painful passage of urine guttatim. 



Cystitis, inflammation of the bladder, is very rare, 

 though it may arise from several different causes, such as 

 excessive use of certain diuretics, cantharides more espe- 

 cially, injuries, and extension of inflammation from neigh- 

 bouring parts. It is also said to be attributable to 

 acrimony of the urine. The inflammation may involve 

 part or the whole of the organ. The neck is most fre- 

 quently the seat of the circumscribed form, probably as a 

 result of spasm. The lining membrane may become 

 involved in catarrhal diseases of the urethra. When the 

 greater part of the organ is affected examination per 

 rectum detects heat and pain on pressure of the bladder. 

 There is retention of urine, which, when evacuated, is 

 found to be bloody, albuminous, and thick, with a con- 

 siderable quantity of mucus. Colicky pains, looking 

 round at the flank, and uneasiness are present, spasmodic 

 contractions of the cremaster (in the bull), and acute 

 febrile signs. 



Results. — Those enumerated are resolution, death from 

 exhaustion, rupture of the bladder, and uraemia. With 

 regard to the latter, it must be a direct result of destruc- 

 tion of the vesical epithelium, for under normal conditions 

 this is a very decided impediment to reabsorption of 

 urine. 



Treatment, — When possible, injection of mucilaginous 



