344 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. 



organ having been returned, the opening may be closed 

 by suture. 



A Pervious Condition op the Urachus is sometimes 

 seen in calves. This passage, which in the foetus extends 

 from the peculiarly elongated bladder at the umbilicus to 

 the allantois, becomes, under normal circumstances, 

 plugged with lymph, which undergoes organisation and 

 degeneration when the bladder recedes from the umbilicus. 

 In scrofulous subjects, especially, this process does not 

 occur properly ; the lymph thrown out only becomes im- 

 perfectly organised, loosens from its position, and there 

 is a constant dribbling of urine through the umbilicus. 

 We have known a case in which a plug of lymph which 

 had receded into the bladder became fixed, and thus 

 opposed the exit of urine per urethram. Straining led 

 to prolapsus recti, and necessitated slaughter. In these 

 cases a ligature around the umbilicus must be resorted to, 

 or sutures may be inserted. The abnormal condition is 

 liable to disappear with development, for this condition is 

 of greatest frequency in animals born prematurely. 



Calculus in the Bladder. — Cystic or vesical calculus 

 .depends upon excess of salines in the blood or upon 

 retention of urine. It is most frequent in the male, for 

 in him the urethral passage is much smaller than that 

 of the female, and is often attributable to a considerable 

 quality of special salines in the food or water, such as 

 the presence of many phosphates, as in oil- cake and 

 turnips. Sometimes renal calculi travel along the ureter, 

 and entering the bladder form the nuclei of larger con- 

 cretions, for cystic calculi are almost invariably laminated 

 and concentrically arranged around some nucleus or other. 

 They may attain a considerable size without giving rise 

 to much inconvenience, or may cause special symptoms. 

 Sabulous matter is sedimentary deposit from the urine 

 in the bladder ; it is largely passed off by the urine, but 

 accumulates in the viscus in considerable quantity, or 

 the deposit may assume a crystalline form known as 

 " graveV This also is partially expelled with the urine, 

 but frequently becomes embedded in the mucous mem- 



