THE SKIN. 361 



July ; at tlie end of six weeks, under favorable conditions, 

 the full-blown dipterous insect escapes from its shell, 

 copulates, and the females deposit their eggs and then 

 die. The beast is much afraid of the fly, and rushes 

 towards water in a high state of excitement, with tail 

 erected and quivering. The pain results from the acrid 

 substance inserted with the egg. Mr. D. M. Storrar re- 

 lates a case in which he attributed paralysis to a number 

 of these warbles in their usual position on the loins on 

 each side of the spine. Sometimes they are very numerous 

 and give rise to fever, but more frequently do no harm, 

 except to the hides. Young animals and those in an 

 exuberant state of good health are generally chosen by 

 the fly, for in them the skin is soft and penetrable. The 

 CEstrus must be removed from the warble, which is 

 nature^s method of cure, and may be easily brought 

 about by pressure ; the results of its presence will then 

 be gradually obliterated. Care should be taken to destroy 

 the CEstrus (^^ maggot^' or "bob^^). Water is a very 

 effectual protective means, and cattle, when attacked, will 

 charge into it with great force. 



The Tsetze fly, described by Livingstone, is more formi- 

 dable. It is seen in South and East Africa, and is capable 

 of poisoning cattle by its sting. Its technical name is 

 Glossina morsitans. Turpentine ointment is said to be 

 useful when applied for its bites. Maggots of the ordi- 

 nary fly are sometimes to be seen on neglected wounds 

 of cattle. Some forms of ticks (Ixodides) are sometimes 

 seen on cattle. 



Vegetable Parasitic Diseases of the sTcin of Cattle : 

 Tinea — " Ringworm,'' 



Tinea favosa is due to the fungus Achorion Schonleiniij 

 which originates from a spore which has gained entry 

 into a hair-follicle. It perforates the epidermic struc- 

 tures so that its spores may be found in the hairs as 

 well as in the main portion of the cuticle ; from the 

 opening of the hair-follicle the fungus projects and forms 

 a yellowish cup-like crust, with a hair projecting from its 



