THE SKELETON. 409 



it is due to tlie latter causes. It is not frequent in 

 cattle. 



Treatment. — Subdue any inflammation present, then 

 paint with tincture of iodine, or apply friction and give 

 tonics. 



Synovitis — Inflammation of a Synovial Memhrane — 

 occurs whenever it is exposed to the air, as in open joint, 

 bursa, or sheath, and is a complication of tendinous inflam- 

 mations. It leads to the throwing out of lymph and adhe- 

 sions, which impede free movements of tendons in the case 

 of sheaths and bursas. The membrane undergoes the 

 various stages of congestion, with dryness, thickening 

 from interstitial effusion, and lymphy exudation ; and there 

 is considerable pain, and fever runs high. 



Treatment comprises active antiphlogistic means. The 

 most important point is to prevent extension of inflamma- 

 tion to the neighbouring cartilages. 



Other diseased conditions of the structure of the skeleton 

 are of minor importance, and will present no difficulties to 

 the scientific practitioner. 



Eelaxation op the Pelvic Symphysis has been seen in 

 cows after parturition. 



Dislocations or Luxations are misplacements of joint 

 surfaces, to allow of which some of the retaining ligaments 

 have given way. This leads to deformity, interference 

 with function, and subsequently to changes of the articular 

 surfaces in the direction of an adaptation of the parts to 

 their new situations. Thus, cartilage is removed, promi- 

 nences are levelled, and new depressions are formed, and 

 condensed bony tissue to a certain extent replaces the 

 articular cartilage (eburnation), and receives a polish. 

 These displacements depend upon some irregular action of 

 muscles or force applied to the surface; they are most 

 frequent in young animals with delicate ligaments and 

 only partially developed articular surfaces. 



Treatment comprises reduction of the dislocation, reten- 

 tion of the parts in their natural position, and artificial 

 strengthening of parts. Hip-joint and patella dislocation 

 are the forms of this lesion most frequently seen in cattle 



