52 FISHES OF PENNSYLVANIA. 


The common chub, creek chub, smaller fall fish or horned dace has a 
wider distribution than S. bullaris, but it does not grow quite so large, 
seldom exceeding one foot in length. Its range extends from New Eng- 
land to Missouri, southward to Georgia and Alabama. It is extremely 
common and ascends the small streams. In Pennsylvania it is the com- 
monest minnow in the Allegheny and Susquehanna basins, and is suffi- 
ciently common in the Delaware. According to Professor Cope, it 
reaches four pounds in weight and is a fair food fish. This species is 
more characteristic of the small streams and clear ponds, and it takes 
the hook very freely. 
Genus PHOXINUS Aaassiz. 
70. Phoxinus elongatus (Krirrianp). 
The Red-sided Shiner. 
The red-sided shiner has an elongate fusiform body, its greatest depth two-ninths 
of the total length without the caudal, its greatest width nearly one-half of its depth. 
The caudal peduncle is long and slender, its least depth two-fifths of greatest depth 
of body. The head is large, two-sevenths of total length without the caudal, with 
long pointed snout and wide mouth. The snout is as long as the eye, and two-sey- 
enths as long as the head. The width of the interorbital space is about equal to the 
diameter of the eye. The lower jaw projects strongly. The maxilla reaches to be- 
low the middle of the eye. The gill-openings are wide, the membranes separated 
by a very narrow isthmus. The dorsal origin is over the twenty-fifth scale of the 
lateral line ; the base of the fin is two-fifths as long as the head; the longestray is as 
long as the head without the snout; the last ray is about one-half as long as the 
longest. The ventral origin is under the twenty-third scale of the lateral line; the 
fin extends to the vent, equalling length of eye and snout combined. The anal ori- 
gin is under the thirty-seventh scale of the lateral line; the anal base is two-fifths as 
long as the head; the longest ray twice as long as the last ray, and one-fourth of its 
distance from the tip of the snout. The caudal is large and deeply forked. The 
pectoral is two-thirds as long as the head, extending to below the seventeenth scale 
of the lateral line. The lateral line is abruptly decurved over the anterior half of 
the pectoral. D. iii, 7; A. iii, 7; V. 8; P. 14; scales, 12-63-7 (sometimes 10-70-5) ; 
teeth, 2, 5-5, 2, hooked, some of them with a narrow, grinding surface. In spirits 
the color is dark brown; a narrow dark stripe along the middle of the side, extend- 
_ ing on the head and around the snout; the fins are pale. In life the back is dark 
bluish, the belly silvery ; breeding males have the first half of the lateral stripe 
crimson and the belly and lower fins rosy. The specimen described, No. 8467, 
United States National Museum, from Meadville, Pa., is three inches long. 
The red-sided minnow is found from Pennsylvania to Minnesota. In 
this state it occurs only in the Ohio basin. It reaches a length of four 
inches. 
71. Phoxinus funduloides (Grnarp). 
The Black-striped Dace. 
The black-striped dace has a moderately elongate body with a short and deep 
caudal peduncle. The greatest depth is contained four times in the total length 
without the caudal, and the least depth of the peduncle eight times. The head is 
rather short, the snout short and obtuse, the lower jaw slightly projecting. The 
