FISHES OF PENNSYLVANIA. 69 

ring second. In Erie county whitefish are caught cliefly in July, August 
and November, and the bulk of them are taken in gill-nets, of which Erie, 
in 1885, owned 10,700. Pound-nets are also employed in the capture of - 
whitefish, and Erie had 19 in 1885. 
Artificial Propagation.—Carl Miiller, of New York, and Henry Brown, 
of New Haven, are credited with the first attempt to propagate the 
white fish artificially. Their experiments were made in Lake Salton- 
stall, near the city of New Haven. The result of the experiments, which 
were repeated in 1858, is not known. Jn 1868 Seth Green and Samuel 
Wilmot began a series of experiments in the same direction, and in 1869 
Mr. N. W. Clark, of Clarkson, Michigan, took up the same work. In 
1870 a half million eggs were placed in hatching boxes by Mr. Clark. 
In 1872, through the aid of the United States Fish Commission, Mr. 
Clark’s hatching house was doubled in capacity and a million eggs were 
taken from Lake Michigan. Since that time both the national and state 
governments have made the whitefish the object of their most extensive 
operations, and at this time Pennsylvania alone distributes sixteen mil- 
lions annually, while the United States has hatcheries for this species 
accommodating nearly one thousand millions. The success of artificial 
propagation has been so thoroughly demonstrated as not to require 
additional mention. 
86. Coregonus artedi (Lr Susur). 
The Lake Herring. (/igure 48.) 
The body of the lake herring is moderately elongated, compressed, and the head 
pointed. The greatest height of the body at the origi: of the dorsal is one-fourth of 
the total length without caudal. The caudal peduncle is short and stout. Its least 
depth 1s somewhat more than one-third of greatest depth of body. The eye is con- 
tained four to four and one-half timesin length of head ; the snout, three and one-half 
times. The maxillary reaches tonearly below the middle of the eye. Thelower jaw 
projects strongly. The dorsal begins midway between tip of snout and base of tail. 
Its longest ray equals length of head without snout. The ventral begins under the 
middle of the dorsal; its longest ray, two-thirds length of head. The pectoral is 
slightly longer than the ventral. The anal base equals the length of its longest ray, 
which is nearly one-half length of head. The adipose dorsal is slender; its width 
one-half its height and about one-half length of eve; twenty-five to thirty gill rakers 
helow the angle of the first arch. D. 11; A. 10 (counting only divided rays in dor- 
sal and anal); V. 10; scales 9-80-8. 
The upper parts are greenish or bluish black; the sides silvery and with narrow, 
pale streaks along the rows of scales, especially above the lateral line. 
Names.—This species is known as the lake herring or cisco. The 
name cisco is applied more particularly in the small lakes of Wiscon- 
sin, Indiana and New York. 
Distribution.—The lake herring is most abundant in the Great Lakes, 
extending northward into British America; eastward it has been ob- 
tained from Labrador. It becomes variable in certain portions of its 
habitat, notably in Labrador and in the lakes in which it is known as 
cisco. In the Great Lakes, in 1885, more individuals of this species 
