FISHES OF PENNSYLVANIA. 75 
of the ventral origin from the anal origin is a litthe more than length of head. 
The longest anal ray equals length of ventral. The last ray is two-fifths length of 
longest. B. 11; D. 11 divided rays and 3 rudiments; A. 9 divided rays and 3 rudi- 
ments. Scales 23, 120,21. Vertebree 60. Pyloric cceca 60 to7(. In the adult the up- 
per parts are brownish or grayish; thesides silvery. Numerous X-shaped or X X- 
shaped black spots on the upper half of the body, side of the head, and on the fins. 
Males in the breeding season have red blotches along the sides. In the young there 
are from ten to twelve dark cross bars mingled with red blotches and black spots. 
The land-locked salmon, which has received the name of Sebago, does 
not differ from the seagoing form in any important character. It grows 
to a smaller size and is usually darker in color and lives permanently 
in lakes as well as in streams out of which it could run to the sea if so 
disposed. ; 
Names.—The salmon in America has but a single common name. 
When the young have reached a length of a couple of inches and taken on 
the vermilion spots and dark cross bands they are called parr, and re- 
tain this name while they remain in fresh water. Before descending to 
the sea in the second or third spring, the parr assumes a bright silvery 
coat and is then known as a smolt. After a sojourn in salt water lasting 
from four months to about two years it may return to its native river 
either as a sexually immature salmon or as a grilse, the female not yet 
ready for reproducing its species, although the male is sexually mature. 
The land-locked variety of the Atlantic salmon has been variously de- 
nominated fresh-water salmon, schoodic trout, Sebago trout, dwarf sal- 
mon and winninish, the last name in use in the Saginaw region. In 
some Nova Scotian rivers a misnomer, grayling, is applied to the land- 
locked salmon. 
Distribution.—This species inhabits the north Atlantic, ascending 
rivers of Europe and America for the purpose of reproduction. In Eu- 
rope it extends southward to France, and in the United States the most 
southern river in which specimens have been obtained is the Potomac. 
It occurs in small numbers in the Delaware and in large numbers in the 
Hudson, but in the tast three river basins mentioned its presence is the 
result of artificial introduction. It is not found abundantly south of the 
Merrimac, and inriversof New England and Canada in which it is native it 
is maintained almost exclusively by artificial culture. The first efforts to 
introduce the salmon into Pennsylvania waters were made at the expense 
of a number of gentlemen of Easton and Philadelphia. Beginning in 
1871, they deposited a small number of fry in one of the tributaries of 
the Delaware and repeated the experiment in 1872. In March, 1873, 
20,000 fry purchased from Mr. C. G. Atkins, of Bucksport, Maine, were 
added to the deposits in the Delaware. In 1873 the State of Pennsy]- 
vania hatched and planted 27,000 in the Delaware, and the New Jersey 
commissioners also deposited 18,000. In 1874, 137,000 fry were planted 
in Bushkill creek near Easton, Swatara creek, Chiquessalunga creek, 
Codorus and Donegal creeks. The young, varying from four to eight 
inches long, have been taken by the hook. On November 9, 1877, a sal- 
