122 FISHES OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

and the gill-covers have large scales. The nape is scaly, but the breast is naked. 
The males have a large anal papilla. The anal spines are stout and the caudal fin is 
notched. Males have the iower pectoral rays and the ventral and anal rays enlarged 
and thickened. 
Color olive-green ; the upper parts tessellated ; the sides have seven or eight double 
eross bars each forming a y-shaped figure; these bars are sometimes joined above so 
as to form an undulating lateral band and are clear deep green in life and the sides 
are speckled with orange. There is a dark bar from eye forward and another down- 
ward, besides some olive stripes on the head. 
The spinous dorsal is blue above with a pale margin and dark orange brown at 
base. Thesoft dorsal and the anal are deep blue green tinged with red. The cau- 
dal is greenish with faint bars. Females and young are less conspicuously colored, . 
butin the same general pattern. 
D. XIII, 13; A. II, 8; scales 65-78; 42 vertebrz. 
The green-sided darter extends from Pennsylvania westward to Kan. 
sas and south to Alabama. It grows to a length of five inches and is a 
very beautiful species. It is common in gravelly streams and occurs 
only in clear water. Its habits are similar to those of the Johnny darter, 
but it is less tenacious of life than that species. 
136. Etheostoma caprodes Rarinesque. 
The Log Perch. (Figure 68.) 
Body long, moderately compressed ; head long, with pointed snout ; mouth small, 
the lower jaw not reaching near to tip of snout, and the maxilla not extending to 
the front of the eye. The head forms one-fourth of the total length without the cau- 
dal, and the depth about one-sixth. Scales on cheeks and gill-covers, also on the 
space before the first dorsal; breast scaleless. A row of enlarged plates on the 
belly, which are sometimes deciduous. Fins moderately low and rather long. D. 
XV, 15; A. Il,9. Lateral line with 92 scales. 
Color greenish yellow; sides with about fifteen dark cross-bands, extending from 
back to belly; alternating with these above the lateral line are fainter bars. Fins 
barred. A black spot at the base of the caudal. 
The log perch, hogfish, hogmolly, rockfish or crawl-a-bottom is found 
in the Great Lake region, Quebec and the eastern states south to Vir- 
ginia, also in the Mississippi valley south to Alabama and Texas. 
This is the largest of the darters, reaching a length of eight inches. 
It takes the hook very readily and in many respects resembles the 
perches. 
The log perch is found in rapid streams with gravelly or rocky bot- 
tom and preters clear waters. 
137. Etheostoma macrocephalum (Corr). 
The Long-headed Darter. 
The big-headed darter has a long and slender body, its depth not much greater 
than its width and equal to one-seventh of the total length without the caudal. 
The caudal peduncle is short and slender, its least depth equaling one-half of 
greatest depth of body. The head is long, its width and height about equal. The 
snout is conical and longer than the eye, which is about one-fifth as long as the 
head and nearly twice the width of the interorbital space. The eye is placed very 
high and is obliquely set. The mouth is large, the maxilla reaching to below the 
