48 



where the cause of death was not obvious and time permitted, the brain was exam- 

 ined, but in neither case did it exhibit any congestion or other lesion to account for 

 death. 



"Absence of fat, or of subcutaneous fat, may not mean as much as it should to those 

 unacquainted with seals; in reality, it is practically synonymous with starvation, 

 and if a seal lacks fat beneath the skin it is useless to look for it elsewhere. I'^at is 

 the seal's heavy undershirt, by which he is iirotected from cold, and when this is 

 gone the seal is gone too. 



THK STAKVKJ) PUP FROM ZAPADNI. 



"In order that there might be no question as to the evidences of starvation, an 

 active, healthy female pup found among the bachelors was ])laced by itself, its 

 condition at various times noted, and an autopsy made after death. In order to 

 have the same conditions that are found on the rookeries, the body was allowed to 

 lie out of doors, exposed to the weather, for two days before it was dissected. The 

 results of the autopsy agreed exactly with the diagnosis of starvation in man as well 

 as with the appearances of the organs in other pups whose death was ascribed to 

 starvation. When first taken, on August 1, the pup weighed 12 pounds; at the time 

 of death, on August 15, the weight was reduced to 9 pounds. The appearance of the 

 organs was aslbllows: Lungs sujall, liaccid, dee])ly congested; comparatively little 

 blood in heart, and no clot ; liver small, thin, and very dark ; gall bladder full ; nmch 

 dark bile secretion in intestines, forming the 'tarry fteces,' so characteristic of 

 starvation; kidneys small and dark; both branches of uterus congested. 



THE CRUSHED PUP. 



"It may be said, too, that a blind pup was killed on Zapadui by choking and 

 crushing, much as might have occurred had the little one been sat upon by a bull, 

 or trampled beneath a score of stampeding cows, and that the lungs showed the 

 characteristic congestion found in the lungs of evidently trampled bodies. 



AUTOPSIES OE DEAD PUPS SELECTED AS TYPICAL CASES BY MR. LUCAS. 



POLOVINA EOOKERY. 



[August 6. Examined by Dr. Otto Voss and D. S. Jordan.] 



"No. 1. Male, large and well nourished; stomach containing some milk; pleural 

 cavity contained about 1 gill of blood; lungs crushed and collapsed, dark purjde 

 with congestion; liver much contused; right kidney contused; other organs normal. 

 Trampled. 



"No. 2. Female, young, umbilical cord still iiresent; well nourished; stomach 

 empty; lungs crushed and congested, both lobes containing blood; heart much con- 

 tused, its blood vessels congested; liver contused; kidneys and other organs intact. 

 Trampled. 



Tolstoi Rookery. 



[August 7. Examined by D. S. Jordan and F. A. Lucas.] 



"No. 10. Female, in fair condition ; slight contusion in upper lobes of lungs; liver 

 and gall bladder ruptured; intestines stained with escaped bile; other organs nor- 

 mal. Trampled. 



"No. 11. Male, in fair condition, a trifle lean; left side contused throughout its 

 entire length; the left lung congested and flattened; other organs normal. Evi- 

 dently trodden ui)on, pressing the left side flat. 



"No. 13. Female, thin; no milk in stomach; head crushed; suture between frontals 

 and parietals opened; all muscles of breast much contused; lungs, throat, and heart 

 badly contused. Struck or trampled on. 



"No. 14. Female, well nourished; born early in season, as fur is grayish. Found 

 at water's edge, jammed between rocks. Eight lobe of lung contused, but crepi- 

 tating. Contu.sion probably due to contact with rocks. Water in lungs and wind- 

 pipe. Drowned. 



"No. 16. Female, recently dead, body still warm; absolutely no fat; lungs con- 

 gested; liver thin and dark. Starved. 



"No. 25. Male, found on sand; rather thin; skin and muscles about shoulders 

 much contused; lungs badly congested; heart and aorta full of clotted blood. 

 Trampled. 



