TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Chaffer 



FOREWORD. 



PART I 



1. INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 



Oceanography, a definition 1 



Early exploration 1 



Oceanographic facilities 2 



The types of information sought 2 



Shipboard equipment and facilities 3 



Laboratory facilities 4 



Occupying an oceanographic station 5 



Deep-sea anchoring 6 



2. OBTAINING SEA WATER SAMPLES AND TEMPERATURES 



General remarks 8 



Instructions for operating the Nansen bottle 8 



Use of deep-sea reversing thermometers 12 



Precautions for handling, storing, and transporting deep-sea reversing thermometers. 1 5 



Drawing and preserving sea water samples 15 



Instructions for operating the bathythermograph 16 



Instructions for operating the Spilhaus-Miller sea sampler 25 



3. TEMPERATURE AND DEPTH CALCULATIONS 



General remarks 29 



Thermometer corrections 29 



Reversing thermometer calculations with the slide rule 32 



Thermometric depth determination 32 



4. DRAWING OCEANOGRAPHIC GRAPHS AND PROFILES 



General remarks 40 



Plotting observed oceanographic values 40 



Obtaining interpolated values 40 



Temperature-salinity (T-S) curves 40 



Bathythermograph temperature — depth profile 43 



5. NAVIGATION AND SONIC SOUNDINGS 



General remarks 45 



Navigation 45 



Sonic sounder instructions 45 



Developing special sounding grids 48 



6. OBTAINING BOTTOM SEDIMENT SAMPLES 



General remarks 52 



General procedures for coring operations 52 



How to determine the amount of wire to pay out from the wire angle 52 



Coring devices 53 



Instructions for operating the Phleger corer 54 



Principle of operation of piston corers 57 



Instructions for operating the Kullenberg piston corer 59 



Instructions for operating the E wing piston corer 62 



Bottom signalling device, the ball breaker 66 



Small bottom samplers 69 



Dredges 71 



H. O. 607 V 



