INSECTS IN'JUlUOrS TO T^HE GRAINTS AND GRASSES. 85 



arranged in pairs. These worms assume the habit of 

 working in armies, bnt usually do not feed in such large 

 bodies as those of the trne Army-worm and are thus even 

 more difficult to combat. They appear later in the season, 

 the other species rarely being destructive after August 

 first, and have thus been termed the Fall Army-worm. 

 The Army-worm proper rarely feeds upon anything but 

 grasses aud cereals, while the Fall Army-worm feeds upon 

 a large variety of cultivated crops, including sugar-beets, 

 cow-peas, sweet-potato vines, millet, and many other 

 general and truck crops. In Nebraska it has developed a 

 l^eculiar fondness for alfalfa and has there been styled the 

 Alfalfa-worm. It is also sometimes very destructive to 

 city lawns, as it was in Chiccigo during 1899. Indeed, 

 that season witnessed an unusual outbreak of this species 

 in widely distant localities, it having been exceptionally 

 destructive in the Carolinas and Virginia, Illinois, and 

 Nebraska, as well as other districts. The insect is more 

 of a native of the Southern States, but occurs from Canada 

 and Maine south to the Gulf States and west to Colorado 

 and Montana. 



Life-history. — The life-history of this insect differs from 

 that of the true Army-worm in that it passes the winter 

 in the pupal stage. The pupae are about one-half an inch 

 Ions: and mav be found in small cells from one-half to one 

 and one-quarter inches beneath the surface of the soil. 

 The exact time of the emergence of the moths in the 

 spring has not been definitely observed, but the first gen- 

 eration of worms appears in May or June. The moths 

 deposit their eggs on blades of grass, in clusters of 50, 60, 

 or more, each mass being covered with mouse-colored 

 down from the body of the moth. The eggs hatch in 



