io8 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. [April, 



Fall and feeds in Spring until well along in June before forming a cocoon. 

 The development is not by any means regular, and often some specimens 

 of a brood live over until much later in the season so that larvae of two 

 separate generations may occur in a tree at one time. 



The usual remedy is " worming," i. «?., cutting out the larvae in Spring 

 and Fall, and if carefully and thoroughly done it checks injury to a great 

 extent. But an objection is that it is almost impossible to get all the 

 larvae and enough adults mature to continue the infestation each year. 

 Anotiier is that a careless man may do more harm with his knife than the 

 borer would have done, and in all ways it is much better to attempt to 

 keep the borers out altogether. It may be stated that killing the borers, 

 once \r\ the tree, is practically impossible. No mixture that can be ap- 

 plied so as to come into direct contact with and kill them in their burrows 

 can be safely used on the trees. Our best plan is by mechanical means 

 to keep the borers out altogether, and there are several ways of doing 

 this. It must be remembered that the parent moth cannot dig under- 

 ground, has no mouth parts for gnawing into the bark, and no ovipositor 

 for piercing it. Hence she must lay her egg on the bark above the sur- 

 face and glew it fast there. If we prevent this our trees are safe. The 

 simplest of all measures is to wrap the base of the tree with newspapers 

 to a height of from i8 inches to 2 feet. Use at least three or four thick- 

 nesses of paper, be sure that it is tied tightly and hill up against it so as 

 to cover at least two inches. The moths will not voluntarily lay eggs on 

 this paper, and if they do the young larvae will not recognize it as food, 

 and will make no attempt to eat through it. This application should be 

 made in May and kept on through July; and usually the paper will last 

 that time. It should be removed in August, and it may then happen that 

 some borers will be found at the upper edge of the part covered by the 

 paper; but if so they can be easily seen and cut out without injury to the 

 tree. Tarred paper may be used instead, and is equally effective; indeed, 

 the use of any textile fabric will answer the same purpose. Wrapping 

 the trunks with cheap cotton material painted with tar paint will serve 

 equally well and should cover the entire trunk. Essential in all these 

 cases is care in putting on the material that the moth cannot reach bare 

 bark at any point. 



Some growers prefer to use whitewash with or without Paris green, and 

 this is effective so long as it remains intact; but it washes off readily, and 

 is so apt to become imperfect that it is not entirely reliable. Whale oil 

 soapsuds with an admixture of lime and carbolic acid is also used, but is 

 open to the same objection. White-lead paint has proved satisfactory in 

 many hands, and has the merit of lasting well, but many who have used 

 it claim that it injures the trees, and especially when young. One reason 

 for that is that turpentine is used in thinning the paint. If white-lead is 

 used at all, only the best quality should be employed, and it should be 

 mixed with linseed oil only. 



Finally, and perhaps best of all, " Raupenleim" or " Dendrolene" can 



