l893-] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS. 89 



Chittenden concludes that there is only a single annual generation of the 

 insects. It seems also that the species has been mistaken heretofore, and 

 that instead of being Anthonomous musculus, it is yf . signatus. The in- 

 sect has also been found on the Blackberry, and indeed the statement is 

 made that this is probably the original food-plant of the species. This 

 brings to mind that I found the Strawberry leaf roller, Phoxopteryx 

 ccmp/aNaquite common in Atlantic County, N. J., on Blackberries in 1892, 

 but neither saw nor heard of their injuring Strawberries. 



Winter Campaigns. — The entomologist knows, what the farmer frequently 

 does not, that there is no time in the year when insects are not to be found 

 in some stage. To be sure insects are not a very prominent feature of 

 the Winter landscape, but there is no difficulty in finding a great many of 

 them nevertheless. From the economic standpoint the Winter habits of 

 the insects are of extreme importance, and we are often able to reach 

 them with less trouble and more effect than during the Summer. A great 

 many of the forms that are injurious in the orchard. Winter in the imago 

 stage, hiding in and under rubbish, or under the bark of trees, especially 

 old Apple trees, or in the decaying or injured twigs or branches. It is 

 very good practice, therefore, to make use of some spell of pleasant 

 weather, to give the orchard a thorough cleaning up. Not a rubbish heap, 

 not a dead twig or branch should be left anywhere in it. The bark of the 

 trees should be carefully scraped, so as to remove all the loose flakes, and 

 with them also all the insects that are hibernating under them. This will 

 also destroy many of the insects that Winter in the pupa state, like the 

 Codling moth, of which I have seen pupae under every scale of the old 

 Apple trees in a carelessly kept orchard. A very little Winter work in 

 orchards of this character may make an appreciable difference in the 

 quantity of perfect fruit the following season. In the twigs and branches 

 that are dead or dying, many Longicorn borers may be found in some 

 stage, not the least important of which may be species of Elaphidion. 

 These may all be destroyed by thorough removal of the infested wood. 

 At this season it is easy to find the eggs of the Tent caterpillars on the 

 trees infested by them. The well-known belts are easily seen with a very 

 little practice, and they are as easily picked off and destroyed. Perhaps 

 the most important of the pests that may be reached in the Wmter are the 

 scale insects, many species of which infest the orchard and the nursery, 

 often proving very destructive to young trees. Young Pear trees infested 

 by the scurfy scale can be entirely rid of them by washing with a strong 

 whale-oil soap the trunk and larger branches; or, instead of the soap a 

 solution of one pound kainit in one gallon of water may be used. This 

 will leave the trees in good condition in Spring, and a healthy growth 

 may be expected. Many other species of scales spend their life on the 

 twigs and branches, and are not so easily reached; for these the kerosene 

 emulsion is best, and it can be used at a much greater strength than would 

 be advisable in Summer, when the foliage would have to be regarded. 

 Kerosene emulsion diluted nine times would be fatal to most of the scales 



