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it will remain so as long as water is 

 kept in the funnel. Whenever bubbles 

 are vaporized by the heat they pass 

 into the funnel, and a corresponding 

 amount of water is drawn back into the 

 system. 



This method of heating, while not the 

 most eflficient, is ])robably the most con- 

 venient of all, as it mav be attached to 

 any aquarium without disturbing its ar- 

 rangements and mav be discarded or 

 removed to another aquarium in a few 

 moments. Some little increased effici- 

 ency is added to this system by wra])- 

 ping the warm part of the lead pipe, 

 where it has not yet reached the water, 

 in tape, or preferably incasing it in as- 

 bestos. When the pipe first enters the 

 water it should be slightly protected so 

 as not to come in contact with the fish. 

 This may not be absolutely necessary, 

 but it is a good precaution. For this 

 purpose I have used a fine gauze rust- 

 less wire, but I find it more satisfactory 

 to wrap it with a few thicknesses of tape 

 and then saturate the tape with melted 

 parafline. If this is carried down aVjout 

 four or five inches below the surface of 

 the water it will be sufficient to have 

 the heat gradually dififused in the water. 

 In order to avoid evaporation in the 

 funnel, it is desirable to place a small 

 piece of glass over it. If the water is 

 exhausted from funnel the rest of the 

 water in the system will ciuickly boil, 

 owing to lack of circulation, and the 

 next thing to happen will be the melting 

 of the lead pipe. It might be mentioned 

 that another way to tell whether you 

 have established circulation is to touch 

 the pipe just before it enters the water 

 of the aquarium; if it is warm, your cir- 

 culation is working. Also the water, 

 just before reaching the coil, should be 

 cold. 



Exactly the same principle, with a 

 considerable degree of efficiency added, 

 is shown in Fig. \'. In this case the 

 heated pipe is carried over the aquari- 

 um, but the return pipe comes back 

 through the bottom, thus avoiding the 

 necessity of lifting the chilled water. It 

 is obvious, of course, that this svstem 

 is practically a part of the aquarium 

 and cannot be removed without taking 

 the whole aquarium down. Its advan- 

 tage is increased efficiency, and that it 

 onlv requires the aquarium to be raised 

 ])erhaps one-half inch above its original 

 level. 



Fig. l\ shows the latest development 

 in the hot water system and is, I be- 

 lieve, the best of this type. Its effici- 

 ency far exceeds either of the others and 

 in the matter of convenience and safety, 

 it is infinitely superior, as it requires no 

 attention after once being filled and the 

 risk of melting the lead pijie is abso- 

 lutely eliminated. This is owing to the 

 invention shown at the top of the pipe 

 in the illustration. This arrangement 

 takes care of bubbles caused by vapori- 

 zation, automatically refills the system 

 and makes impossible any circulation of 

 water between the closed system and 

 the water of the aquarium, as well as 

 being very inconspicuous. This is ac- 

 complished by an inverted hook at the 

 top of the pipe. In the process of heat- 

 ing the water a small amount of vapor 

 rises in the ])ipc and as soon as enough 

 has collected to l)e on the level of the 

 outlet (see arrow point in illustration) a 

 bubble will be forced out and a corre- 

 sponding amount of \vatcr drawn in, 

 leaving a bubble still remain in the very 

 top of the hook which i)erforms the 

 duty of sei)arating the inside and the 

 outside waters. I had this part of the 

 svstem made of glass in order to see the 



