22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 



Measurements for the size range of points in the present collection 

 are unsatisfactory because of their fragmentary nature. In his tabula- 

 tions on specimens studied in numerous collections, including both the 

 generalized and the true Folsom types, Renaud has compiled the 

 following figures : Length, 17 to 115 mm ; width, 14 to 36 mm ; thick- 

 ness, 3 to 14 mm.^" For the true forms the range is not as great: 

 length, 17 to 75' mm, with a 45.41 mm average ; width, 14 to 32.5 mm, 

 with a 21.94 mm average; thickness, 3 to 6 mm, with a 5.38 mm 

 average. 



SCRAPERS 



A large proportion of the specimens in the collection belongs to the 

 scraper group. There are several varieties of this type of implement, 

 and the tools exhibit dififerent degrees of workmanship. Some have 

 as minute and careful chipping as that to be seen on the finest projec- 

 tile points, whereas others are extremely crude and rough, only the 

 minimum of efifort necessary to make a usable implement having been 

 expended on them. Most of the scrapers belong to the curved-end 

 type, the so-called "thumb-nail" or "snub-nosed" form (pi. 9). 

 Next in order, from a numerical standpoint, are the side scrapers. 

 In this group are tools with straight, convex, and concave scraping 

 edges. There are some turtleback scrapers and a few implements 

 difficult to classify because they combine several features. 



The "snub-nosed" type has a number of different subforms,but 

 all are characterized by one convex, carefully chipped end. The treat- 

 ment of the other end and the edges, as well as of the lateral surfaces, 

 varies. To make such an implement, a flake of stone roughly the shape 

 of a trigonal pyramid was struck ofif from a larger core. For the 

 simpler form of the tool this flake was chipped along the base to pro- 

 duce the typical, thick, rounded end. The cutting edge then received 

 an additional chipping which made it very sharp (pi. 10, a, h, c). The 

 other end was left untouched, the bulb of percussion caused by the 

 blow when the flake was detached furnishing a satisfactory tip. The 

 side edges were not chipped, nor was anything done to the faces or 

 lateral surfaces. This form is triangular in cross-section, A second 

 subform was similar to the first except that the side edges were 

 worked. A still more refined implement, the third subform, was made 

 by removing the ridge or top edge so that the cross-section became 

 ]~)entagonal instead of triangular. Some additional minor retouching 

 • on the lateral surfaces occasionally accompanied this feature. The 



Renaud, 1934 b, pp. 9-10. 



