30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 



adze or celt of the later Indians. The workmanship is cruder, how- 

 ever and although it may be an example of the prototype of such 

 tools, it will be considered here as a chopper. Little effort was ex- 

 pended on this implement. The chipping is confined to the one chisel- 

 like end. The base is rough, some of the edges being sharp enough to 

 cut the palm of the hand holding it. It would need to be wrapped in a 

 piece of buckskin or a similar substance to prevent sHpping and for 

 the comfort of the user. The stone is 74 mm long, 40 mm broad, and 

 21 mm thick. There are no marks on either of these specimens to 

 indicate that they might have been hafted in some kind of handle. 



MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS 



The pieces of sandstone in the collection cannot be assigned to any 

 definite class of implements, yet all show signs of use. There is no 

 material of this nature in the immediate neighborhood, and the stones 

 must have been carried in for a particular purpose. Two of them, 

 although irregular in form, have a slight groove along one side. The 

 surface of the stone in the grooves is rubbed as though the objects 

 might have served as shaft polishers (pi. 16, a, b). They are not 

 typical of the implements generally called shaft polishers, however. 

 One stone is flat, roughly oval in outline, and has a shallow concavity 

 in one face (pi. 16, c). Traces of red pigment still adhering to the 

 stone suggests that it functioned as a pigment bowl. It does not seem 

 likely that this was a mortar for grinding paint, as it shows no effects 

 of a pestle. It was merely a palette. One irregularly shaped stone has 

 a smooth surface on one side, which indicates that it served as a 

 rubbing stone (pi. 16, e) . Another was shaped, but there is nothing 

 to suggest what its purpose may have been (pi. 16, d). One example 

 is flat with one curved edge. The specimen obviously is not complete, 

 and it may be the remaining portion of a lid or cover for some con- 

 tainer. The curved outer edge has a series of facets where flakes were 

 knocked off in the shaping process (pi. 16, /). The material is soft 

 and could easily have been ground into the desired form but, in accord 

 with the prevailing technique of the horizon, the flaking process was 

 employed. 



A number of pieces of hematite were recovered from the deposits. 

 The surfaces of all of them are smooth and striated from rubbing. 

 This is a good indication that they supplied pigment material, a factor 

 which correlates with the presence of the sandstone object suggestive 

 of a pigment bowl. Hematite in its various forms was extensively 

 used by the later Indians for making implements, ornaments, and 



