6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 



very remarkable. Smith, in describing the map, wrote : " In which 

 Mappe observe this, that as far as you see the little Crosses on 

 rivers, mountaines. or other places, have been discovered ; the rest 

 was had by information of the Savages, and are set downe according 

 to their instructions." Two such crosses appear near the falls of 

 the Rappahannock, one on the left bank below the island, the second 

 on the right bank just above the island. These indicate the most 

 distant points reached by the English in August 1608. 



When referring to the several tribes Smith wrote (p. 71) : 



Upon the head of the river of Toppahanock is a people called Mannahoacks. 

 To these are contributers the Tanxsnitanias, the Shackaconias, the Outponcas. 

 the Tegoneaes, the WJwnkentyaes, the Stegarakcs, the Hassinnungas, and diverse 

 others; all confederats with the Monacans, though many different in language, 

 and be very barbarous, living for most part of wild beasts and fruits. 



A paragraph very similar to the preceding, written by Smith, oc- 

 curs in the Strachey manuscripts,' but the spelling of the names 

 differs, and there are other variations. Strachey' wrote (p. 104) : 



Beyond the springs of the river Tappahanock (the second from Powhatan's) 

 is a people called Mannahoaks ; to these are contributory the Tanxsnitanians, the 

 Shackaconias, the Outpankas, the Tegoneas, the Whonkentias, the Stogaras, 

 the Hassinugas. and divers others, all confederates with the Monacans, though 

 many of them different in language and very barbarous, living for the most part 

 upon wild beasts and fruicts, and have likewise assisted the Monacans, in 

 tynies past, against Powhatan, and maie also by us be dealt withall and taken 

 into friendship, as opportunity and meanes shall affourd. 



In describing the country, Strachey had previously written (p. 37) : 

 " the third navigable river by the Naturalls of old was called Opis- 



^ Strachey, William, The historic of travaile into Virginia Britannia. Hakluyt 

 Society, London, 1849. 



* William Strachey was the first Secretary of the Colony and remained in 

 Virginia several years, but very little is known of his life and career. He does 

 not appear to have visited the country of the Alanahoac and may have had 

 very little intercourse with the Indians. The statements by Smith and Strachey 

 are so similar that it is evident one was quoted from the other, and on the 

 assumption that Smith's work was prepared before the compilation of the two 

 Strachey manuscripts, it should be considered the source of much of Strachey's 

 material. 



It is the belief of the writer that the William Strachey who resided in Vir- 

 ginia, the first Secretary of the Colony, did not actually prepare the two manu- 

 scripts now preserved in London and Oxford, but that he probably sent notes 

 to England, where they were combined with ample quotations from the writings 

 of Smith to form the manuscripts, which were thus prepared by another. More 

 than one William Strachey, possibly related to the Virginia adventurer, lived 

 in England during the early years of the seventeenth century. Brief references 

 to the Strachey family of that period are to be found in the introduction to 

 the Hakluyt Society publication. 



