NO. 8 MANAHOAC TRIBES IN VIRGINIA BUSHNELL 21 



lines, but the reverse is smooth. Its maximum thickness is about 

 g inch. There are several specimens of like form in the collections of 

 the National Museum, one having been discovered in a burial mound 

 on the Kanawha River, near Charleston, W. Va., and others in the 

 valley of the Miami, in Ohio. The latter pieces were made of slate. 

 All, including the fragment from the site on the Rappahannock, may 

 have been of Siouan origin. 



Several small flakes of jasper and chert were found that had served 

 as scrapers or blades. 



As elsewhere, innumerable arrowpoints, most of them made of 

 white quartz, have been collected from the surface of the low grounds 

 extending up the river from Embrey Run. Some of these are assumed 

 to represent the work of the Manahoac and different tribes who fre- 

 quented the region in later times, but others are thought to have be- 

 longed to a much earlier period. Some interesting examples are illus- 

 trated in plate 4. The specimens a are made of a diabasic rock with 

 the surfaces greatly weathered. A small chipped ax, made of the 

 same material and with the surface equally weathered and worn, was 

 found about midway between the two runs. This and the points just 

 mentioned should undoubtedly be attributed to the same early period. 

 Other pieces included in the plate are made of quartzite, argilite, and 

 chert. 



Shallow sandstone mortars, hammerstones. and roughly flaked 

 pieces that had probably served some purpose about the camp have 

 been recovered from the surface. As the first extensive low ground 

 above the falls begins at Embrey Run, it is readily conceived that it 

 would ha\'e been an important and long frequented camping ground 

 and as such was probably occupied the day the English reached the 

 falls a few miles below. 



Large boulders, and pebbles of diabase and diabasic rocks, are found 

 in and near the bed of Embrey Run, and these served the Indians as 

 raw material for their stone implements. For a hundred yards or 

 more from the left bank of the run, and some distance from the 

 river, the surface is strewn with a vast quantity of fractured pebbles 

 and flakes, and often a piece of more specialized form — evidence of 

 the fact that this was a site where much work had been done and many 

 objects made. With few exceptions the fractured surfaces are altered 

 to the same degree as the ax and projectile points already mentioned, 

 but others have changed little in appearance since they were struck 

 from the mass. 



