NO. 5 MANAHOAC TRIBES IN VIRGINIA BUSHNELL 2/ 



As mentioned when reference was made to the probable location 

 of the five settlements indicated on the 1624 map, Hassuiuga is as- 

 sumed to have stood on the banks of the Rappahannock in the vicinity 

 of the present Richards Ford. Lederer undoubtedly followed an 

 Indian trail when making his memorable journey in 1670. On August 

 21, the day after leaving the falls, he and his party crossed the Rappa- 

 hannock " where it divided into two branches north and south, keep- 

 ing the main branch north of us ", obviously at the ford later to be 

 known as Richards Ford. A very old road not more than 6 feet in 

 width, and probably following the course of a still more ancient trail, 

 ascends from the river bank to the plateau at the edge of the line 

 of trees on the southern boundary of the clearing in which the house 

 stands. This may be traced in the vertical view, and it was undoubtedly 

 the trail over which Lederer passed " due west to the top of the 

 Apalataean Mountains." 



QUARRY- WORKSHOP 



Evidence of a quarry-workshop was discovered on the left bank 

 of the Rappahannock just below a small branch known as Polecat 

 Run, approximately midway between Ellis Ford and the mouth of 

 Deep Run. The site proved to be of much interest and may be rather 

 extensive, but during our brief visit its extent could not be ascertained. 



The low ground continues for some distance along the stream and 

 is here about 300 feet wide, from the river bank to the beginning of 

 the rising ground. But it was probably too low ever to have been 

 occupied by a permanent village, although it would have been a tem- 

 porary camping ground for those seeking material at the quarry. A 

 small ax of the early form, with its surface greatly altered through 

 long exposure, was found on the surface near the foot of the cliff, and 

 several quartz and quartzite points were discovered nearby. A few 

 bits of pottery were recovered from the surface some distance from 

 the river bank. 



During September 1934 the Rappahannock was unusually high, and 

 the waters washed away the soil to a depth of several feet for a dis- 

 tance of from 50 to 100 feet back from the normal bank of the river. 

 The quarry- workshop was exposed along the face of the newly 

 eroded surface, where boulders, and fractured pieces of diabasic rocks, 

 quartz, and quartzite, had been uncovered by the flood. Intermingled 

 in the mass of sand and rock were numerous flakes that had been re- 

 moved during the process of shaping weapons and implements. 

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