NO. 8 MANAHOAC TRIBES IN VIRGINIA BUSHNELL 43 



exposed several centuries ago, and on which would have stood the 

 native camps and villages, has now been covered with deep deposits 

 of sand, and other sections have been washed away. As a result of 

 these radical changes, traces of Indian occupancy are seldom en- 

 countered, and no indications were discovered during two visits made 

 to the section. The floods of September 1934 had left much of the 

 low ground covered with a new deposit of sand, and the same con- 

 dition is said to prevail throughout the region. 



Potato Run enters the left bank of the Rapidan about i mile below 

 Mortons Ford, and about half a mile farther down, on the same 

 side, is the mouth of Brooks Run. The G. G. Harris farm is between 

 the two small runs. During an unusual freshet some years ago a 

 number of axlike implements or weapons were exposed at the foot 

 of the rising ground, on the edge of the flat, between the Harris 

 house and the river. These may indicate the site of an ancient camp 

 or village, or the specimens may have been part of a cache. Three 

 of the pieces are illustrated in plate 20, together with examples of 

 white quartz arrowpoints found on different parts of the farm. The 

 three specimens are made of a diabasic rock, are greatly altered, and 

 have changed to a light greenish color. The arrowpoints are the 

 types so plentiful in the surrounding region." 



Traces of many camps and villages, together with much material 

 that belonged to different periods of occupancy, may remain hidden 

 beneath the deposits of sand along the river banks, to be revealed 

 from time to time as were the objects on the Harris farm. And it 

 is believed that much of this material, should it be discovered, will 

 prove to have belonged to a time long before the coming of the 

 Manahoac and other historic tribes to the valleys of the Rapidan 

 and Rappahannock. 



The paucity of objects makes it desirable to refer to three speci- 

 mens from farther up the valley of the Rapidan, but still within the 

 limits of Orange County. These are three tobacco pipes, shown in 

 plate 21, and which might well have been found on any one of the 

 sites previously mentioned."* They may be briefly described : The 

 small specimen, plate 21, figure i, was found on the supposed site 

 of Stegara, on the bank of the Rapidan in the extreme western part 

 of Orange County. It is made of a dark grayish steatite and shows 

 the effect of long use. The entire surface is decorated with incised 



"All specimens illustrated in plate 20 have been presented by G. G. Harris 

 to the U. S. National Museum. 



'* The specimens are in the private collection of J. P. Thompson, Cedar Moun- 

 tain, Rapidan Station, Va. 



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