44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 



lines, and the design suggests that appearing on several fragments 

 of pottery illustrated in plate 3. The two pieces in the lower part of 

 the plate are made of a greenish chloritic schist and were found 

 near the Rapidan a short distance below Orange. The smaller is 

 worn and smoothed from use. The perforation is very regular, as 

 shown in the drawing of the section. The larger specimen was not 

 completed, and although it had been carefully shaped and polished, 

 the perforation had been made for less than | inch in the bowl, 

 and no start had been made in drilling the stem. A solid drill had 

 been used. 



In August 1608, on the morning following the encounter between 

 the English and the Indians near the falls of the Rappahannock, 

 in Smith's words: " foure Kings came and received Amoroleck: 

 nothing they had but Bowes, Arrowes, Tobacco-bags, and Pipes." 

 And the same statement would undoubtedly have been applicable to a 

 great majority of those who had gathered on the banks of the river. 

 The pipes and such arrowpoints as were made of stone would have 

 remained to the present time, but all else would have disappeared. 



Pipes were made of both stone and clay, and although they must 

 have been numerous in all the camps and villages on the banks of 

 the Rapidan and Rappahannock, no example was discovered on any 

 of the sites examined. This suggests the probability that pipes were 

 buried with their owners, but nothing is known of the burial customs 

 of the ancient Manahoac tribes. 



COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MATERIAL FROM THE 

 RAPIDAN-RAPPAHANNOCK AREA 



In the year 1608 the native tribes whose settlements stood on 

 the banks of the Rapidan and Rappahannock pursued the manners 

 and customs and practiced the arts of the Stone Age, thus representing 

 the last of the Stone Age in piedmont Virginia. It is readily agreed 

 that other tribes or groups had preceded them, and that certain 

 sites may have been occupied and reoccupied through many centuries. 



During the periods of occupancy many objects were lost or aban- 

 doned, and these often accumulated with other material in heaps in the 

 vicinity of the habitations. Once deserted, the site soon became 

 covered with vegetation, which often served to protect the surface 

 of stone or pottery from exposure to the elements. Later the land 

 was cleared and cultivated, the heaps of refuse leveled, and the 

 broken pottery and other traces of native occupancy scattered over 

 the surface, where much remains to the present day. But to separate 



