NO. II MELANESIANS AND AUSTRALIANS HRDLICKA I5 



On pages 550-552 Quatrefages, now seriously influenced by the 

 Ten Kate finds in Lower California, thus summarizes his views on 

 the subject: 



On the whole, America appears to have been peopled, for the larger part, 

 by immigrants connected more or less with the yellow stem. Relations of all 

 kinds existing between American aborigines and different Asiatic groups 

 have been noted many times by a m.ultitude of travelers who have seen and 

 compared the two races. The European anthropologists have been able on 

 different occasions to recognize the exactness of these relations. 



Notwithstanding this he believes that there also came to the 

 American coasts, through accidents of the sea, some blacks from the 

 South Seas. And these blacks 



have not all remained on the coasts. Some of their tribes have penetrated 

 considerably into the interior of the continent. The ethnological map of M. 

 Powers shows that the tribe of the Achomawis, among others, reached the 

 Sierra Nevada and confines of the Shoshones. Judging from the following 

 statement, which I take from Schoolcraft, they reached much beyond this and 

 farther to the south. In 1775 the Padre Francisco Garces visited Zuni, one of 

 the southernmost pueblos, and found there two races of men and two languages. 

 One part of the inhabitants showed a clear red color and handsome features ; 

 the others were black and ugly. An instructed native, interrogated on the 

 subject, replied that the red people had come from one of the pueblos that 

 became ruined, while the blacks were the ancient inhabitants of the country. 

 Thus at least at this point the Papuas, represented doubtless by mixbloods, have 

 preceded the Pueblos, as they have preceded the Maoris in New Zealand 



I have mentioned before the little that one can attribute to the African 

 Negroes, and I do not return to that part. As to the Melanesian blacks, 

 their role, although circumscribed, has been much more considerable. Already, 

 the details given by La Perouse on the natives in the environs of Monterey 

 authorize plainly the admission that a black element had at least modified at 

 that point the color of the local races. The information which we owe to 

 Stephen Powers on several other Californian tribes should not leave place 

 for the slightest doubt. It results from his descriptions that the color is, as 

 was said by La Perouse, perfectly or nearly perfectly black among the Yuroks, 

 Karoks, Chillalas, Gallinomeros, Achomawis, etc. This author speaks, among 

 other things, of the shiny and supple skin of some of these tribes, and compares 

 them in this regard to the Ethiopian Negroes ; and this character is in com- 

 plete discord with what one observes in the yellow races. Unfortunately, 

 Mr. Powers says nothing about the hair, nor about the form of the skull. But 

 this last deficiency is filled by the discovery of M. Ten Kate 



The California family is far from being homogeneous and should later on 

 be divided. The three fundamental types of humanity, the black, the yellow, and 

 the white, here encounter each other. We know that the representatives of 

 the first have arrived by the sea from the Melanesian islands. As to the two 

 others, at least on the whole, they came from the north. Possibly linguistics, 

 interrogated on the point of the mixture of the black race with the yellow and 

 white, will also give indications on the subject. 



