15 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 



the Pericues of Lower California and the race of Lagoa Santa, with their 

 multiple representations, belong to one and the same ethnic type, which is none 

 other than the dolicho-acrocephalic Oceanic type of Biasutti and Mochi.'" 



In the following pages (244-248) Rivet inclines gradually more 

 and more to the conclusion that the Lower Californian and related 

 types of man in the two Americas are of Melanesian origin, owing to 

 ancient immigration from the Pacific ; and that the differences they 

 present from the parent stock and among themselves are due to local 

 differentiations. He summarizes his views thus : 



[The Lower Californians] connect closely with the South American race of 

 Lagoa Santa. They present no less evident affinities with the hypsi-stenocephalic 

 race spread over Melanesia and Australia. The differences which exist between 

 the three varieties of the same race, both as to skull and as to skeleton, are 

 explainable by the different conditions of life and different environment to which 

 they have been subjected. The double hypothesis advanced by Ten Kate in 1884 

 finds therefore in all points a confirmation. (P. 248.) 



This adds a strange and unexpected chapter to the whole subject. 

 From this it would seem to be but a short step toward the conclusion 

 that the Australians have actually reached pre-Columbian America, 

 and this step, it will be seen, is not long in being taken. 



Meanwhile, in 1877 and again in 1888, Rudolf Virchow, seeing the 

 variety of American-Indian crania, reaches the belief that this indi- 

 cates a heterogeneity of origin ; but we find here, as so often before as 

 well as later, an evident confusion of the concepts of " race " and 

 "type ". He says, in his earlier communication (p. 155) : 



The general craniological classification does not accordingly exclude the 

 possibility that, at very different times, dolichocephalic as well as brachycephalic 



immigration into America took place The most dangerous of all is the 



acceptance of a uniform old American stock The " red race " is probably 



just as little uniform as autochthonous. 



In 1888 he amplifies this statement thus : 



Today I restrict myself to declaring that the physiognomic characters of the 

 American heads [skulls] show a divergence so manifest that it is necessary to 

 renounce definitely the conception of a universal and common type of the 

 American aborigines. They, too, are a mixture of several original races, and 

 the program of future researches will find its final expression in the separation 

 of the different ethnic elements that have entered into the composition of the 

 various living and extinct tribes. (P. 260.) 



^ " En definitive, les minimes differences qui existent au point de vue cranien 

 entre les deux races hypsicephales de I'Amerique du Nord et de I'Amerique du 

 Sud me semblent explicables par I'evoultion divergente d'un meme type originel 

 et les differences beaucoup plus marquees du squelette facial par des conditions 

 de vie et surtout d'alimentation diverses, et je crois avec Ten Kate que les 

 Pericues de Basse-Californie et la race de Lagoa-Santa, avec ses multiples 

 representants, appartiennent a un seul et meme type ethnique, qui n'est autre que 

 le type dolicho-acrocephale oceanique de Biasuttie et Mochi." (P. 244.) 



