30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 94 



The hair of the second youth as pictured by Nordenskiold (plate 6) 

 is curly, and his aspect, in the opinion of the present writer, is that of 

 an Indian-Negro mixblood. 



Finally — as a result of a trip to Chile and Bolivia and the ex- 

 amination of considerable skeletal material from those countries, 

 Dr. O. Aichel reported that he had found " interglacial man " and 

 " Neanderthaloid types ", but failed to obtain evidence of either 

 Australian or Oceanic immigration. (Aichel, 1932.) 



CRITIQUES 



The subjects dealt with in this paper have never as yet received a 

 thorough discussion. A sensible, broad and well-documented exposi- 

 tion of tile whole subject of the peopling of America appeared in 

 1922 from the pen of the respected veteran French anthropologist, 

 Henry Vignaud; and the most relevant section of the treatise leaves 

 no doubt as to the conclusions of the author. It reads as follows : 



A number of these scientists believe that Malayo-Polynesian [term used often 

 by Rivet] immigrations have sensibly modified the primitive yellow type of 

 the American Indians, who would thus form today but a mixed race. We believe 

 that the most recent researches do not justify this opinion. We know nothing 

 of the migrations to which is attributed such a great importance, and the 

 proof that they had any influence on the formation of the American physical 

 type is completely wanting. In our opinion, this type has remained what it 

 was originally— the type of a branch of the great original yellow race, and one 

 that has suffered the least through environment and through contacts with foreign 

 elements/' 



Noteworthy as the above statement was, it received scant or no at- 

 tention, and new contributions to the Malayo-Polynesian and Melano- 

 Australian theories followed. 



A mildly critical discussion, based on historical, cultural, and linguis- 

 tic evidence, of the problem of Australian, Melanesian, and Malayo- 

 Polynesian presence in pre-Columbian South America, was published 

 in 1930 by the well-known Americanist, Walter Lehmann. In this 





** " Plusieurs de ces savants croient que des emigrations malayo-polynesiennes 

 ont sensiblement modifie le type jaune primitif des Indiens americains, qui ne 

 formeraient plus aujourd'hui qu'une race metisse. Nous pensons que les plus 

 recentes recherches ne justifient pas cette opinion. Nous ne savons rien de 

 ces migrations auxquelles on attribue une si grande importance et la preuve 

 qu'elles ont exerce une influence quelconque sur la formation du type physique 

 americain manque completement. Selon nous, ce type est reste ce qu'il etait 

 originairement, et c'est celui de la branche de la grande race jaune primitive 

 qui a subi le moins I'influence des milieux et des contacts avec I'etranger." 

 (P. 25.) 



