NO. 11 MELANESIANS AND AUSTRALIANS HRDLICKA 4I 



in specially characteristic examples of the African Negro. This is 

 not to deny the value of craniometry or osteometry, but only to 

 emphasize the fact that these, like all other scientific methods, have 

 their limitations. 



ADDITIONAL NOTES : LOWER CALIFORNIA 



Let us look more closely and critically at the cornerstone of all 

 the contentions here dealt with, the case of Lower California. We 

 find the following : 



Lower California was reached by Ortun Jimenez as early as 1534; 

 its coasts were explored in part by Cortes in 1536, fully by Ulloa in 

 1537-38, and were touched upon by Cavendish in 1587. 



The bay of San Barnabe, discovered by Cavendish, was reached 

 and briefly occupied in 1596 by the expedition of Sebastian Vizcaino. 

 Other trips to the southeastern coast of the peninsula were made from 

 Mexico at dififerent times during the century. Pearl fisheries had been 

 conducted by the Mexicans in the gvilf along the eastern coasts of the 

 peninsula since 161 5 and, some rich pearls having been brought out. 

 " from that time on many of the settlers from the provinces of 

 Culiacan and Chiametla commence to frequent the gulf in small boats 

 to fish for pearls and to obtain these from the natives " (Venegas), 

 as a result of which the Indians suffered many vexations. In 1632 

 a new efifort at a " conquest " of the peninsula and at colonization 

 was made by Orteya. Still other efforts followed, all abortive, until 

 the arrival in 1697 of Padres Salvatierra and Piccolo, who established 

 the first missions, guarded by soldiers. The Philippine galleons began 

 in 1734 to touch at Cape San Lucas for taking on water, debarking 

 the sick, and repairing. In 1735-36 Yaqui and other soldiers from 

 Sonora and Sinaloa made war against the Lower Calif ornians. More- 

 over, throughout the latter part, at least, of the history of the country 

 there is evidence of a continuing admixture of the Indians through the 

 agency of soldiers and others, besides which there was an introduction 

 of some Yaqui women and even whole families.'" 



In addition to all this, there was early and repeated introduction 

 of the African Negro among the Indians of southeastern and southern 

 California. The introduction of the Negro into America began with 

 the second voyage of Columbus in 1494. By 1501 "no Jews, Moors, 

 or new converts were to go to the Indies, or be permitted to remain 

 there " ; but Negro slaves " born in the power of Christians, were 

 to be allowed to pass to the Indies, and the officers of the royal revenue 



See especially Lassepas (1859, pp. 8-10). 



