NO. II PUEBLO RUINS IN ARIZONA — HAURY AND HARGRAVE 95 



doubtless marks a bit of repair. That the longer life of KT-II is 

 due to better workmanship than that of KT-I is obvious from the 

 manner in which the latter was destroyed. This, and the fact that both 

 kivas were constructed during the same year, suggests that KT-II 

 was built shortly after the destruction of KT-I. 



SUMMARY 



In brief, the season's work at Kin Tiel has contributed to south- 

 western archeology (i) by furnishing plans and details of construc- 

 tion of two kivas — the earliest of the Hopi type yet reported; (2) by 

 determining the building dates of these kivas; (3) by showing the 

 Hopi relationship of a pueblo that traditionally has been considered 

 as Zuni; and (4) by securing new pottery types definitely associated 

 with dated beams. 



KOKOPNYAMA 



The prehistoric Hopi Pueblo, Kokopnyama, lies i mile east of the 

 Jeddito Trading Post, on the north side of Jeddito Valley and a few 

 miles south of the Indian Agency at Keams Canyon, in central Navajo 

 County, Arizona. 



The Hopi mesas, of sandstone underlayed with shale, serve as 

 natural water reservoirs while the broad valleys on either side are 

 filled with alluvial deposits. Since the dip of the rocks is toward the 

 south, numerous springs dot the south side of the mesas. In a desert 

 region where permanent springs are few, such favorable conditions 

 for permanent homes were eagerly sought by the aboriginal inhabi- 

 tants and remains of their habitations are found in great number under 

 the mesa rims. Though soil and water are the most important, other 

 factors aided in making Jeddito Valley an important culture center in 

 prehistoric times. The valley floor was green with herbs and grasses ; 

 the bordering mesas were covered with shrubs and timber {Jnni- 

 penis monosperma and Pinus cdulis). A few miles to the north 

 and east were pine (Piniis ponder osa) and fir {Pseiidotsuga taxifolia) . 

 Sandstone was available for building material ; and deposits of clay 

 and veins of coal were visible along the mesa slopes. 



The earliest historical reference to the Jeddito Valley is included 

 with an account of the discovery of Awatobi, visited in 1540 by Tobar 

 and Cardenas with a small detachment from the Coronado Expedi- 

 tion.^ Later explorers to visit this valley were Espejo in 1583. Ofiate 

 in 1598, and De Vargas in 1692.^ In the first half of the 17th century 



' Winship, George P., The Coronado E.xpedition, 1540-42. 14th Ann. Rep., 

 Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1896. 

 'Bull. 30, Bur. Amer. Ethnol., 1912, pp. 560-61. 



