NO. II PUEBLO RUINS IN ARIZONA HAURY AND HARGRAVE IO3 



only a faint idea of the ceiling arrangement could be inferred. Rooms 

 9 and II are the exceptions. In Room 9 the ceiling was so perfectly 

 preserved that every step in construction was clearly defined. This 

 room is of average size, which increases the value of the illustration, 

 permitting the use of this roof as a typical example of those for 

 house dwellings. In a north-south direction were two large beams of 

 juniper and pifion of 6 and 4 inches diameter, respectively, support- 

 ing a framework of three small poles. These latter, averaging about 3 

 inches in diameter, were approximately 12 inches apart and were near 

 the middle of the room (fig. 32). Many pieces of split juniper were 

 placed between the east-west cross-poles, thus forming a ceiling upon 

 which brush or grass was laid. The roof was finished with a layer 

 of adobe. Beam holes in the walls naturally vary in size according 

 to the diameter of the beams used. Only the beams were imbedded 

 in adobe pockets in the walls, the split juniper sticks extending to 

 the wall surface. From the beams to the room floor was 4 feet 4 

 inches ; or, if one includes the diameter of the main beams, the ceiling 

 height would be 4 feet 10 inches. As there was no door through the 

 walls, the entrance must have been through the roof at the east end, 

 the only side not covered by the roof when excavated. 



The ceiling of Room 11 was largely destroyed by fallen rocks, but 

 fully one-third remained in such excellent condition that comparison 

 with the roof in Room 9 revealed the same kinds of material and 

 same method of construction. 



KIVA R-4 



The best preserved kiva we found at Kokopnyama is indicated on 

 the map as R-4, and may be seen in plan on figure 33. The kiva is 

 built facing southeast on a sandstone ledge just below the mesa rim. 

 There was little or no soil on the ledge, but the section was once 

 covered by earlier house structures, the tumbled walls of which were 

 sufficiently deep to favor the building of a kiva. This location is 

 similar to that of many present-day Hopi kivas, and is in keeping 

 with the current Hopi custom of building their ceremonial chambers 

 on a lower ledge, if sufficient depth of soil cannot be found on the 

 ground level. 



Three sides of kiva R-4 were covered either by abandoned rooms 

 or household debris but the fourth was exposed, being built on the 

 edge of the ledge. The greater part of the southeast wall had weathered 

 away but the remaining portion of the platform was easily recognized 

 and provided a starting point for excavating the kiva. Above its 

 fallen roof the chamber was filled with fallen masonry through which 

 were occasionally found potsherds of Jeddito black-on-yellow and 



