NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  7 
and  we  would  call  this  first  great  wave  the  roast  culture.  The  younger  culture 
wave  is  found  fullest  and  most  unmixed  in  the  culture  of  the  Tungusians,  al- 
though its  influence  is  felt  from  Lapland  to  Labrador ;  it  still  has  the  character 
of  an  inland  culture  and  must  have  originated  as  such.  Its  most  valuable 
possession  is  the  snowshoe,  which  has  carried  it  over  the  greater  part  of  the 
arctic. 
The  differences  between  these  two  great  cultural  waves  are  not  confined  to 
clothing  only.  In  the  technique  of  skin-dressing,  e.  g.,  we  find  a  number  of 
interesting  points.  The  use  of  double-handled  scrapers  (originally  a  long  bone) 
seems  to  belong  to  the  inland  culture,  and  also  the  smoking  of  the  skin  and 
perhaps  even  the  use  of  fat  as  a  tanning  substance.  As  to  habitations,  the 
conical  lodge  must  belong  originally  to  the  inland  culture.  The  cradleboard  or 
carrying-cradle  and  the  birchbark  canoe  are  also  elements  of  the  inland  culture. 
One  of  the  most  important  elements  of  the  inland  culture  is  the  hunting  of 
reindeer  and  moose  on  snow  by  means  of  snowshoes ;  this  method  is  found 
in  use  everywhere  in  northern  Asia,  Europe,  and  America  where  snowshoes 
of  highly  developed  types  are  found ;  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  is  the  deer 
hunt  which  more  than  anything  else  has  furthered  the  development  of  the 
snowshoe.  Some  elements  of  the  arctic  inland  culture  never  reached  America ; 
the  most  important  of  these  is  the  reindeer  nomadism,  which  in  itself  contains 
some  elements,  due  to  influence  from  more  southern  forms  of  nomadism,  and 
others  which  have  their  root  in  the  methods  of  hunting  wild  reindeer.  The  fact 
that  the  ski  never  reached  America  and  that  the  Old  World  has  only  quite 
primitive  forms  of  the  netted  snowshoes,  while  America  has  highly  developed 
forms,  would  indicate  that  the  inland  culture  reached  America  at  an  early 
period.  The  great  variety  of  forms  of  the  snowshoes  and  moccasins,  and  also 
the  diversity  of  local  terms  bear  further  witness  to  the  considerable  age  of  the 
inland  culture.    [Hatt,  1916  b,  pp.  248,  249.] 
Kroeber  (1923,  pp.  389-390)  is  also  among  those  who  look  to  Asia 
as  the  original  home  of  the  Eskimo.  Their  occupancy  of  the  Arctic 
littoral  is  regarded  as  a  matter  of  choice  rather  than  necessity. 
....  it  is  evident  that  rigorous  environment  does  not  always  force  develop- 
ment or  special  cultural  adaptations.  The  tribes  of  the  Mackenzie- Yukon  and 
the  most  northerly  part  of  the  Northeast  area  lived  under  a  climate  about  as 
harsh  as  that  of  the  Eskimo.  In  fact  they  were  immediate  neighbors ;  yet  their 
culture  is  definitely  more  meager.  A  series  of  the  most  skilled  devices  of  the 
Eskimo  were  wanting  among  them.  If  necessity  were  truly  as  productive  a 
cause  of  cultural  progress  as  is  commonly  thought,  these  Athabascan  and 
.\lgonkin  Indians  should  have  been  stimulated  into  a  mechanical  ingenuity 
comparable  to  that  of  the  Eskimo,  instead  of  continuing  to  rank  below  them. 
These  considerations  compel  the  conclusion  that  the  Eskimo  did  not  develop 
the  achievements  of  his  culture  because  he  lived  in  his  difficult  environment, 
but  that  he  lived  in  the  environment  because  he  possessed  a  culture  capable 
of  coping  with  it.  This  does  not  mean  that  he  had  his  culture  worked  out  to 
the  last  detail  before  he  settled  on  the  American  shores  of  the  Arctic  ocean. 
It  does  mean  that  he  possessed  the  fundamentals  of  the  culture,  and  the  habits 
of  ingenuity,  the  mechanical  and  practical  turn  of  mind,  which  enabled  him  to 
