NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE   ISLAND — COLLINS  25 
Hrdlicka/  under  whose  direction  the  work  had  been  carried  out.  Dr. 
Moore  has  also  published  a  valuable  paper  on  the  social  life  of  the 
St.  Lawrence  Eskimos  (Moore,  1923). 
During  the  summer  of  1926  Dr.  HrdHcka  made  an  anthropological 
survey  of  parts  of  the  Alaskan  coast  from  Norton  Sound  to  Point 
Barrow  on  the  Revenue  Cutter  Bear.  A  brief  stop  was  made  at 
Savunga,  on  the  north  coast  of  St.  Lawrence  Island,  and  although 
Dr.  Hrdlicka  had  no  opportunity  to  examine  any  of  the  old  sites,  he 
purchased  a  number  of  decorated  ivory  objects  which  the  Eskimos 
had  excavated  at  Kukuliak,  a  large  abandoned  site  3  miles  east  of 
Savunga.  He  also  learned  of  the  existence  of  a  large  kitchen  midden 
on  Punuk  Island,  4  miles  off  the  eastern  end  of  the  island  (Hrdlicka, 
1930,  p.  93).  The  archeological  material  which  Dr.  Hrdlicka  obtained 
at  Savunga  was  of  particular  significance  because  some  of  the  speci- 
mens bore  the  same  elaborate  curvilinear  ornamentation  as  others 
which  he  and  Dr.  Diamond  Jenness  obtained  also  at  Little  Diomede 
Island.  This  was  a  style  of  art  which  Jenness,  on  the  basis  of  sys- 
tematic excavations  conducted  at  Cape  Prince  of  Wales  and  the 
Diomede  Islands  in  the  same  year,  had  found  to  be  characteristic 
of  a  previously  unknown,  early  stage  of  Eskimo  culture,  which  he 
designated  the  Bering  Sea  culture. 
The  first  archeological  work  on  St.  Lawrence  Island  was  under- 
taken by  Otto  Wm.  Geist,  for  the  Alaska  Agricultural  College  and 
School  of  Mines  (now  the  University  of  Alaska).  Mr.  Geist  spent 
the  summers  of  1927  and  1928  on  the  island,  collecting  natural  history 
and  ethnological  material  and  carrying  on  excavations  at  some  of 
the  old  sites  near  Gambell.  In  1929  Mr.  Geist  began  to  excavate  at 
Kukuliak,  and  continued  his  work  there  up  to  1935.  The  operations 
at  Kukuliak  during  the  last  2  years  were  conducted  as  a  project  of 
the  Public  Works  Administration  and  were  carried  out  on  a  much 
larger  scale  than  those  of  previous  years. 
The  writer's  investigations  on  St.  Lawrence  Island  were  conducted 
in  the  summers  of  1928,  1929  and  1930;  they  have  included  excava- 
tions at  old  sites  on  the  eastern  and  western  ends  of  the  island,  an- 
thropometrical  and  ethnological  studies  of  the  Eskimos,  and  the  col- 
lection of  skeletal  and  other  material.  Assisting  me  in  1928  was 
Harry  E.  Manca;  in  1929,  G.  Herman  Brandt;  and  in  1930,  James  A. 
Ford.    In  193 1  Moreau  B.  Chambers  continued  the  Smithsonian  in- 
*  Hrdlicka,  A.,  Catalogue  of  human  crania  in  the  United  States  National 
Museum  collections.    Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  63,  art.  12,  1924. 
Hrdlicka,  A.,  Anthropological  survey  in  Alaska.  46th  Ann.  Rep.,  Bur.  Amer. 
Ethnol.,  1930. 
