NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  2."] 
of  the  Gambell  sites  are  as  large  as  several  others  on  St.  Lawrence, 
they  are  still  of  considerable  magnitude,  the  combined  depths  of  the 
several  middens  amounting  to  over  24  feet  (pis.  4-1 1,  61-64). 
Three  miles  east  of  Gambell  are  two  more  rather  large  contiguous 
old  sites  known  to  the  Eskimos  as  Mirrukta  and  Missugameet  (pi.  i, 
fig.  3),  where  a  small  amount  of  excavating  was  done  in  1930;  and 
between  this  point  and  Savunga  there  are  several  other  small  sites, 
one  of  which  is  called  Naskok. 
Savunga  itself  is  a  recent  village,  a  colony  from  Gambell,  which 
was  established  as  a  herders'  camp  after  reindeer  were  introduced 
on  the  island  by  the  Federal  Bureau  of  Education  in  1900.  Three 
miles  to  the  east  of  Savunga  is  Kukuliak,  the  largest  old  site  on  St. 
Lawrence  Island,  if  not  in  the  entire  Eskimo  territory  (pi.  i,  figs. 
4,  5).  This  site,  which  was  occupied  up  to  the  time  of  the  famine 
of  1879,  'S  a  huge  kitchen  midden  about  50  yards  wide  which  extends 
along  the  beach  for  a  distance  of  some  250  yards  and  which  has  a 
total  height — or  depth — of  around  20  feet.  Fortunately,  we  may  look 
forward  to  a  comprehensive  report  on  this  very  rich  and  important 
old  site,  where  intensive  excavations  have  been  carried  on  for  six 
seasons  by  Otto  Wm.  Geist  under  the  auspices  of  the  Alaska  Agri- 
cultural College  and  School  of  Mines  (now  the  University  of  Alaska).' 
I  am  not  familiar  with  the  region  between  Savunga  and  the  Punuk 
Islands,  but  have  been  informed  by  the  Eskimos  that  numerous  old 
village  sites  and  kitchen  middens  are  found  along  this  strip  of  coast, 
where  today  there  are  no  permanent  habitations  of  any  kind. 
One  of  the  largest  of  the  old  sites  is  that  on  Punuk,  one  of  three 
small  islands  of  that  name,  4  miles  off  the  eastern  end  of  St.  Lawrence. 
Here  I  excavated  for  2  months  in  1928,  assisted  by  Harry  Manca 
and  several  Eskimos  from  Gambell  and  Savunga.    These  earlier  in- 
'  This  report,  "  Archeological  excavations  at  Kukuliak,  St.  Lawrence  Island, 
Alaska",  by  Otto  William  Geist  and  Froelidi  G.  Rainey,  vol.  2,  Miscellaneous 
Publications  of  the  University  of  Alaska,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  the  Interior,  pp.  1-391, 
bearing  the  date  May  19,  1936,  but  issued  in  April  1937,  appeared  after  the 
present  paper  was  in  press ;  hence  it  has  not  been  possible  to  refer  to  it  or  make 
comparisons  in  the  text.  It  is  gratifying  to  the  present  writer  that  the  chronology 
obtained  by  Mr.  Geist  at  Kukuliak  appears  to  coincide  in  every  respect  with  that 
obtained  at  Gambell.  This  is  especially  significant  in  view  of  the  fact  that 
Kukuliak  is  a  single  site,  a  huge  midden  iu  which  the  Old  Bering  Sea,  Punuk, 
and  modern  material  is  found  in  stratigraphic  sequence,  whereas  at  Gambell 
there  were  five  sites,  representing  successive  periods  of  occupancy  as  indicated 
by  a  stratigraphic  linkage  of  one  site  to  another. 
A  preliminary  account  of  the  Kukuliak  excavations,  with  special  reference 
to  the  chronology,  has  been  published  by  Dr.  Froelich  Rainey.  See  bibliography, 
Rainey,  1936. 
