156  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    96 
At  the  upper  or  proximal  end  of  the  tusk  a  single  large  hole  was  cut 
through,  and  above  it  a  wide  shallow  notch  was  made  for  holding 
the  end  of  the  cross  bar.  There  is  no  certain  evidence  that  more  than 
one  cross  bar  was  used;  only  at  the  lower  end  of  figure  5  is  there  a 
small  roughened  area  which  may  have  been  made  for  the  attachment 
of  another  cross  bar.  The  lower  ends  of  the  two  tusks  may  have  been 
fastened  together  with  a  lashing.  A  characteristic  feature  is  the  flatten- 
ing of  the  under  side  which  seems  to  have  been  caused  entirely  by  wear, 
as  there  is  no  evidence  of  cutting  or  shaping ;  figures  4  and  5  show  a 
pronounced  flattening  of  the  under  side,  figure  3  only  a  slight  flatten- 
ing. There  is  some  question  as  to  whether  the  latter  was  really  used 
as  a  sledge  runner.  The  large  hole  and  notch  above  it  show  that  it 
was  intended  for  such  a  use,  but  the  beveled  and  sharpened  lower 
end  shows  that  it  was  also  used  as  a  pick.  In  addition,  one  side 
(visible  in  the  photograph)  has  been  adzed  down  to  a  flat  surface, 
apparently  in  order  that  it  might  serve  still  another  purpose,  possibly 
as  a  sleeper  or  prop  for  timbers. 
The  other  type  of  runner,  type  2,  is  made  from  a  section  of  tusk, 
its  height  being  about  the  same  as  the  original  diameter  of  the  tusk, 
its  width  or  thickness  around  i  cm.  The  three  other  sledge  runners 
from  the  Hillside  site  are  of  this  type,  two  of  them  being  illustrated 
in  plate  44,  figures  i,  2.  Figure  i,  which  is  rather  badly  warped  and 
weathered,  is  a  thin,  narrow  strip  of  ivory  44.5  cm  long  and  1.4  cm 
thick ;  one  end,  broken,  is  5  cm  high,  tapering  to  2.5  cm  at  the  opposite 
end,  at  the  first  hole.  Near  the  upper  border  are  five  round  holes 
(probably  six  originally)  about  6.4  cm  apart,  and  above  each  of  them 
a  shallow  flat-bottomed  notch  for  holding  the  end  of  the  cross  bar. 
Figure  2  is  a  broken  runner  of  the  same  type,  25  cm  long,  4.8  to  5.8 
cm  high  and  .9  cm  thick.  It  differs  from  the  other  in  having  the  lower 
edge  somewhat  beveled  so  that  in  use  it  leaned  slightly  outward  in- 
stead of  upright. 
The  distribution  of  all  of  the  sledge  runners  and  shoes  from  Gambell 
is  given  in  tabular  form  on  p.  230,  following  the  description  of  the 
Punuk  types. 
In  plate  45  are  shown  nine  sledge  runners  and  shoes  from  Miyowagh. 
In  all,  48  complete  and  fragmentary  specimens  of  ivory  were  found 
at  this  site,  including  several  types  which  were  not  represented  at 
the  Hillside  site.  In  addition  to  the  ivory  runners  there  were  two 
whale  ribs,  which  by  their  notched  ends  and  smoothed  and  worn  outer 
surfaces  are  shown  to  have  been  used  as  sledge  runners. 
The  type  i  sledge  runner  of  ivory,  described  above,  was  represented 
at  Miyowagh  by  only  two  examples.    However,  there  is  a  modification 
