158  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    96 
usual  means  of  attachment  to  the  runner  (Mathiassen,  1927,  vol.  2, 
pp.  60-61 ) .  We  know  nothing  as  to  the  nature  of  the  runners  to  which 
these  heavy  ivory  shoes  were  attached  ;  most  likely,  however,  they  were 
short  and  low,  forming  with  the  shoe  itself  a  composite  runner  com- 
parable to  those  described  above. 
Cross  bar. — Plate  50,  figure  3,  is  a  sledge  cross  bar,  made  of  walrus 
penis  bone,  from  Miyowagh;  both  ends  are  notched  and  roughened 
and  the  under  side  is  flattened  where  it  rests  on  the  runner. 
Toy  sledges. — The  parts  of  a  toy  sledge  of  wood,  all  found  to- 
gether in  cut  25  at  a  depth  of  43  inches,  are  shown  in  plate  59,  figures 
8-10;  the  two  cross  bars  (fig.  10)  were  lashed  to  the  runners  (figs. 
8,  9)  just  above  the  holes.  Figure  11  (cut  18,  12  in.  deep)  is  a  toy 
sledge  runner  of  ivory,  of  the  type  illustrated  in  plate  44,  figures  i 
and  2,  and  plate  45,  figure  3. 
Baleen  toboggan. — -The  Old  Bering  Sea  Eskimos  also  used  the 
baleen  toboggan,  such  as  is  known  from  the  Thule  culture  and  the 
Sadlermiut  and  which  the  modern  St.  Lawrence  and  Point  Barrow 
Eskimos  use  for  hauling  loads  of  meat  and  blubber  over  the  ice 
(Mathiassen,  1927,  vol.  2,  p.  45;  Boas,  1901,  p.  71  ;  Murdoch,  1892, 
pp.  356-357;  Bogoras,  1904-09,  p.  107).  None  of  the  baleen  slabs 
which  formed  the  toboggans  were  found  at  the  Hillside  site,  but  two 
cross  pieces  show  that  they  had  been  used.  These  are  strips  of  baleen 
slightly  more  than  30  cm  long  and  6.5  cm  wide  with  three  pairs  of 
round  holes  by  means  of  which  they  were  lashed  to  the  slabs  of  baleen 
beneath.  At  Miyowagh  a  number  of  these  cross  pieces  were  found, 
in  addition  to  one  practically  entire  toboggan  and  numerous  fragments. 
The  most  complete  specimen  was  the  one  from  cut  2,  shown  in  situ 
in  plate  6,  figure  3.  It  is  18  inches  wide  at  the  front  end  and  slightly 
more  than  6  feet  long. 
Umiak  paddle. — In  plate  50,  figure  i,  is  shown  a  section  of  an 
umiak  or  kayak  paddle,  from  cut  23,  depth  81  inches.  It  was  8  cm 
wide  (one  edge  is  broken  off),  and  the  enfire  surface  is  covered  with 
a  coat  of  red  paint,  made  from  pulverized  hematite  or  ocher.  Plate 
37,  figure  9,  is  one  of  the  cross  braces  for  the  framework  of  a  kayak, 
from  cut  19,  depth  59  inches. 
Umiak  keel. — The  wooden  object  shown  in  plate  46,  figure  14  (cut 
18,  depth  44  in.),  is  probably  the  end  of  an  umiak  keel;  there  is  a 
transverse  groove  across  the  thickened  front  end  ;  below  this  is  a 
round  hole  and  at  the  opposite  end  a  smaller  perforation.  Plate  59, 
figure  3  (cut  18,  depth  32  in.),  shows  a  replica  of  such  a  keel  piece, 
from  a  toy  boat;  a  baleen  lashing  remains  in  place  in  the  hole  at  one 
end  and  the  opposite  end  is  spliced  by  means  of  a  carefully  made  dove- 
