164  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    96 
Azvls. — Bone  awls  (pi.  48,  figs.  15-17)  do  not  show  any  features 
of  particular  interest.  Most  of  them  are  made  of  bird  bones,  usually 
the  humerus  of  larger  birds,  such  as  cormorants,  geese,  gulls,  etc. 
Figure  15  is  made  from  the  ulna  of  a  fox.  In  addition  to  those  of 
bone  there  are  also  awls  made  of  ivory,  usually  sharpened  at  both  ends. 
From  the  sharp,  smooth,  well-made  examples  such  as  figures  21  and 
22,  there  is  a  gradation  into  cruder  types — ivory  slivers  which  may 
have  had  a  wide  variety  of  uses.  Two  specimens  from  the  Hillside 
site  are  shown  in  plate  30,  figures  16,  17. 
Needles. — Needles  were  made  of  small  bird  bones,  usually  ribs. 
The  only  complete  specimen  was  one  from  the  Hillside  site.  It  is 
3  cm  long ;  the  eye  is  a  round  drilled  hole  about  half  a  millimeter  in 
diameter,  just  large  enough  to  receive  the  point  of  a  common  pin. 
Women's  Knives 
The  ulus  or  women's  knives  from  Miyowagh  and  the  Hillside  site 
had  all  been  provided  with  stone  blades ;  most  of  the  handles  were 
of  wood,  a  few  of  ivory.  In  plate  51,  figures  1-7,  are  shown  two 
complete  ulus  and  five  wooden  handles  from  Miyowagh  which  il- 
lustrate the  range  of  types.  In  addition  to  these  there  were  16  other 
handles  rather  uniformly  distributed  throughout  the  midden.  Most 
of  the  handles  are  straight  or  only  slightly  curved,  the  crescent  shape 
of  figure  6  (cut  19,  depth  45  in.)  being  unusual.  \\'hen  there  was  a 
tendency  for  the  handle  to  split,  it  was  grooved  at  one  or  both  ends 
and  tied  (pi.  51,  figs.  3,  4 — from  cut  9,  20  in.,  and  cut  19,  86  in.). 
Figure  i  (cut  22,  86  in.)  is  unusual  in  having  the  blade  held  secure 
by  a  thong  placed  around  a  central  groove  and  through  a  hole  in  the 
blade.  An  interesting  feature,  shown  in  figure  5,  from  cut  2-^,  depth 
33  inches,  is  a  broad  groove  or  notch  at  one  end  for  the  index  finger. 
Figure  7  (which  is  shown  accidentally  reversed)  has  a  narrow  rect- 
angular inset  of  ivory  on  the  top,  and  there  seems  to  have  been  an 
attachment  at  either  end  which  fitted  over  a  small  cylindrical  core 
projecting  from  the  handle;  it  comes  from  cut  2y,  depth  36  inches. 
Fat  Scrapeks 
Another  typical  woman's  implement  was  the  ivory  scraper  for 
removing  fat  from  intestines  and  skins.  A  few  of  these  approach  an 
oval  or  rounded  shape,  somewhat  like  the  modern  forms,  but  the  pre- 
vailing types  are  fiat-bottomed,  with  upright  or  slightly  flaring  walls, 
and  open  at  both  ends;  or  trough-shaped,  with  flat  or  rounded  bottom 
and  upturned  ends.    The  edges  along  the  side  are  sharpened;  on  the 
