NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND — COLLINS  225 
it  was  made  entirely  of  bone,  whereas  at  Bering  Strait  both  bone  and 
ivory  were  used  (Hough,  1895,  pp.  632-3).  Twenty-four  of  the  bone 
plates  were  found  at  levoghiyoq.  nineteen  at  Seklowaghyaget.  and 
eight  at  the  old  section  of  (iambell;  none  were  found  at  the  Hillside 
site  or  Miyowagh.  The  greater  number  of  them  were  long  narrow 
strips,  like  plate  76,  figures  22,  23,  with  three  pairs  of  holes,  either 
round  or  rectangular,  for  the  thongs  which  held  them  together.  From 
levoghiyoq  there  are  several  plates  which  differ  in  size  from  the  usual 
type,  being  both  wider  and  longer  (pi.  76,  figs.  20,  21).  Figure  24 
was  probably  one  of  the  pieces  of  a  helmet  such  as  used  by  the  Chuk- 
chee,  Koryak,  and  Gilyak  (Bogoras,  1904-09,  vol.  i,  figs.  84,  89, 
and  90). 
The  24  pieces  of  plate  armor  at  levoghiyoq  were  found  for  the 
most  part  in  the  upper  levels  of  the  midden,  as  follows:  8  inches;  12 
inches  (4)  ;  16  inches  (2)  ;  20  inches  (5)  ;  22  inches  (2)  ;  24  inches 
(4)  ;  28  inches  (2)  ;  30  inches  (2)  ;  37  inches;  42  inches.  The  19 
pieces  of  armor  from  Seklowaghyaget  occurred  at  deeper  levels,  as 
follows  :  20  inches  ;  22  inches ;  30  inches  (2)  ;  34  inches  (3)  ;  38  inches 
(11)  ;  60  inches.  Those  from  the  old  section  of  Gambell  were  all  found 
at  depths  of  24  and  32  inches. 
Fish  spears. — The  three  small  ivory  points  (pi.  75,  figs.  1-3)  are 
probably  prongs  for  the  end  of  a  light  fish  spear  such  as  Nelson 
describes  from  western  Alaska  (Nelson,  1899,  pp.  194-5  ;  pi.  67,  figs. 
I,  2). 
Barbs  for  salmon  spears. — Plate  75,  figure  19,  is  an  ivory  barb 
for  a  salmon  spear  from  the  midden  at  Cape  Kialegak,  southeastern 
end  of  St.  Lawrence  Island.  Several  similar  specimens  were  found 
on  Punuk  Island,  but  not  at  any  of  the  Gambell  sites.  Their  absence 
there  may  be  accidental,  but  on  the  other  hand,  the  salmon  spear 
seems  never  to  have  been  used  very  extensively  on  St.  Lawrence 
Island.  The  above  specimen  is  of  the  modern  Alaskan  type  (Nelson, 
fig.  42,  i)  which  is  practically  identical  with  the  Thule  type  (Mathias- 
sen,  1927,  vol.  I,  pi.  12,  figs.  10,  ii;  pi.  43,  figs,  i,  3,  4,  5  I  pl-  7i. 
figs.  2,  3;  pi.  77,  fig.  13). 
Compound  fishhook. — This  form  makes  its  first  definite  appearance 
in  the  Punuk  stage.  Plate  75,  figures  4,  5  (old  section  of  Gambell, 
10  and  24  in.  deep)  are  the  bone  shanks  of  two  such  fishhooks,  used 
no  doubt  for  catching  tom  cod.  The  lower  end  is  enlarged,  with  three 
or  four  deep  vertical  grooves  in  which  the  prongs  were  set ;  the  upper 
end  has  a  perforation  for  the  line.  From  levoghiyoq  there  is  a  simi- 
lar specimen  of  ivory  and  six  others  of  wood ;  from  Seklowaghyaget 
there  are  two  specimens,  one  bone,  one  ivory.    The  prongs  for  these 
