226  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    96 
hooks  are  of  ivory,  as  a  rule  slightly  curved,  with  the  tang  beveled 
on  the  inner  side  so  as  to  fit  into  the  groove,  and  with  the  upper  end 
either  barbed  or  plain  (pi.  75,  figs.  6-9,  from  lev.,  depth  12  in.,  and 
old  section  of  Gambell,  8,  24,  and  32  in.  deep).  This  type  of  fishhook 
has  continued  in  use  on  St.  Lawrence  Island  down  to  modern  times 
(Nelson,  1899,  pi.  68,  fig.  20;  pi.  69,  fig.  28). 
The  fishhook  in  one  piece,  plate  75,  figure  10  (old  section  of 
Gambell,  depth  10  in.),  is  later  and  seems  to  represent  a  development 
from  the  compound  type.  The  prongs,  four  in  number,  project  upward 
from  the  base  in  the  same  way  as  the  detachable  prongs  of  the  earlier 
type.  This  specimen,  from  the  old  section  of  Gambell,  is  in  general 
similar  to  some  of  the  modern  fishhooks  of  the  Siberian  Eskimo  (Nel- 
son, 1899,  pi.  69,  fig.  2)  and  of  the  Chukchee  (Bogoras,  1904-09, 
fig.  67,  ^). 
Fishline  sinkers. — The  fishline  sinker  undergoes  an  interesting  de- 
velopment during  the  Punuk  period.  Twenty-six  ivory  sinkers  were 
found  at  levoghiyoq,  about  half  of  them  with  the  two  line  holes 
parallel  and  the  other  half  with  the  line  holes  at  right  angles.  The 
first  type,  illustrated  by  plate  75,  figure  12,  is  practically  identical 
with  one  of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  types,  but  it  is  somewhat  less  sym- 
metrical and  in  most  cases  is  less  carefully  made.  The  second  type, 
figure  13,  with  the  line  holes  at  right  angles,  also  resembles  one  of 
the  Old  Bering  Sea  types  in  that  the  lower  end  is  thicker  than  the 
upper.  Here  again,  however,  there  is  a  difference  in  technique ;  the 
Punuk  examples  are  of  poorer  workmanship  and  lack  particularly  the 
studied  asymmetry  of  the  earlier  forms  which  was  produced  by  the 
prominent  side  bulge  below  the  center.  At  Seklowaghyaget  only  five 
fishline  sinkers  were  found.  Three  of  these  are  like  the  types  from 
levoghiyoq,  but  the  other  two,  figures  14  and  15,  are  modern  types. 
Figure  14  has  two  small  slots  near  the  lower  end  to  which  lines, 
with  hooks  attached,  were  tied.  Sinkers  of  this  type  from  St.  Lawrence 
Island,  but  usually  more  crudely  made,  are  described  by  Nelson  (pi. 
69,  figs.  28,  31,  33).  The  other  sinker,  figure  15,  has  seven  cylindrical 
oblique  holes  in  the  sides  in  which  barbs  were  set,  thus  being  a  fish- 
hook and  sinker  in  one;  there  are  also  perforations  in  which  lines, 
with  hooks  at  the  end,  were  fastened.  A  modern  fishhook-sinker  of 
this  type  from  Cape  Nome  is  described  by  Nelson  (pi,  69,  fig.  4). 
Net  sinkers. — Heavy  ivory  net  sinkers  are  also  characteristic  of 
the  Punuk  stage  (pi.  75,  fig.  16,  from  lev.,  cut  5,  depth  28  in.).  These 
are  sections  of  tusks,  with  only  the  ends  worked  and  perforated ;  the 
present  specimen  had  been  used  originally  as  a  pick.  These  net  sinkers 
are  larger  and  heavier  than  those  described  by  Nelson  (p.  189).  Three 
