NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND — COLLINS  229 
thickness — or  height — 2.9  cm.  A  short  distance  from  the  end  is  a 
transverse  ridge,  which  was  left  when  the  top  surface  was  cut  down, 
and  beneath  this  ridge  passes  the  lashing  slot — two  holes  drilled 
obliquely  and  meeting  at  the  center. 
Type  I  a  (pi.  'JJ,  fig.  3),  of  which  there  are  five  examples,  is  flat 
on  the  upper  surface,  like  type  i  and  seems  to  have  been  of  the  same 
general  shape.  The  lashing  arrangement,  however,  consists  of  two 
holes,  either  at  the  tip  or  a  short  distance  back,  drilled  completely 
through  and  connected  on  the  under  side  by  a  sunken  groove  to  pro- 
tect the  lashing.  This  groove,  connecting  the  two  holes,  is  visible  in 
plate  ']'],  figure  3.  Four  of  this  type  were  also  found  at  Miyowagh  in 
the  later,  northwestern  section  of  the  midden. 
Type  2  (pi.  yj,  figs.  4,  5),  14  examples,  differs  from  type  i  a  in 
having  a  V-shaped  concavity  extending  the  entire  length  of  the  upper 
surface.  Figures  4  and  5  show  the  upper  and  lower  sides,  respectively, 
of  this  type  of  runner ;  the  sides  are  straight.  The  lashing  slots  either 
extend  completely  through,  as  in  type  i  a,  or  are  drilled  in  obliquely, 
beneath  a  transverse  ridge  as  in  type  i.  The  average  width,  at  center, 
is  5  cm ;  thickness — or  height — 3  cm.  The  above  three  types,  whether 
they  be  considered  runners  or  shoes,  are  clearly  derivatives  of  the 
flatter,  Old  Bering  Sea  shoes  illustrated  in  plate  45,  figures  4-9.  Thus 
the  Punuk  type  i,  with  its  transverse  ridge  beneath  which  the  lash- 
ing holes  are  drilled,  has  its  prototype  in  the  Old  Bering  Sea  shoe 
types  2  and  3  (pi.  45,  figs.  6-9),  which  though  flatter  and  wider,  also 
had  the  lashing  holes  passing  under  a  knoblike  elevation  ;  whereas  the 
Punuk  types  i  a  and  2,  which  lack  this  ridge,  are  descended  from 
the  Old  Bering  Sea  shoe  (type  i,  pi.  45,  figs.  4,  5),  which  was  flatter 
but  had  a  similar  arrangement  of  the  lashing  holes.  In  view  of  their 
height,  which  increases  still  further  in  the  late  Punuk  and  modern 
specimens  described  below,  it  seems  better  to  call  them  runners,  or 
shoe  runners. 
From  the  next  site,  Seklowaghyaget,  we  have  1 1  sledge  runners  and 
fragments.  Old  Bering  Sea  type  i  a  (which  was  illustrated  on  pi.  45, 
figs.  I,  2)  is  represented  by  two  specimens,  which  ditifer  however  in 
having  two  drilled  holes,  instead  of  a  rectangular  cut-out  hole,  beneath 
the  notch  on  the  top  side. 
Punuk  type  i  a  is  represented  by  one  specimen  and  type  2  by  two. 
One  of  the  type  2  specimens,  however,  dififers  from  the  previous  ex- 
amples (such  as  pi.  yy,  figs.  4,  5)  in  being  much  narrower  and  some- 
what higher,  with  the  sides  inclining  downward  to  the  bottom. 
The  remaining  six  runners  from  Seklowaghyaget  belong  to  what 
will  be  called  type  2  a  (pi.  yj,  fig.  6),  a  further  specialization  of  type 
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