NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  23T 
it  was  in  large  part  superseded  by  later  types,  which  as  was  pointed 
out  above,  developed  during  the  Punuk  period  from  the  Old  Bering 
Sea  sledge  shoes. 
The  transition  from  shoe  to  runner  is  brought  about  mainly  by  an 
increase  in  height.  Thus,  the  Punuk  shoe-runners  of  types  i  and  i  a 
are  only  modified  forms  of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  shoes  with  higher 
sides,  and — in  type  i — a  more  prominent  transverse  ridge  over  the 
lashing  hole.  The  next  type,  2,  differs  in  having  the  upper  side  con- 
cave, and  in  the  later  types,  2  a  and  2  b,  this  V-shaped  concavity  be- 
comes more  pronounced,  developing  into  flaring  rims  as  the  runner 
becomes  higher  and  narrower  and  the  form  in  cross-section  changes 
from  a  straight-sided  M  to  a  wide-bottomed  Y, 
Sledge  cross  bars,  made  from  walrus  penis  bones,  were  also  found 
at  the  Punuk  sites. 
Bone  and  ivory  knife  handles. — We  find  that  the  compound  form, 
which  was  the  most  common  type  of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  period  (pi. 
38,  figs.  5-7)  is  also  well  represented  in  the  Punuk  finds.  Twenty-six 
handles  of  this  type  were  found  at  the  three  Punuk  sites;  two  of 
these  are  shown  on  plate  78,  figures  4,  5.  In  two  respects,  however, 
they  differ  from  the  Old  Bering  Sea  forms:  first,  bone  (usually  a 
piece  of  walrus  rib)  has  largely  replaced  ivory  as  the  material,  23 
being  of  bone,  3  of  ivory;  second,  the  face,  instead  of  being  straight, 
as  in  the  great  majority  of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  handles,  was  sharply 
beveled  at  the  end,  so  that  in  order  to  complete  the  handle  only  a 
short  section,  about  3  cm  long,  had  to  be  lashed  on. 
In  addition  to  the  compound  handle  there  were  a  few  specimens 
with  deep,  wide  sockets,  somewhat  like  the  Old  Bering  Sea  type  shown 
in  plate  38,  figure  8,  and  a  few  others  with  narrow  slot  for  an  end 
blade,  like  plate  38,  figures  9  and  10. 
Of  more  importance  is  the  fact  that  in  the  Punuk  we  have  the  first 
appearance  of  the  "  crooked  knife  ",  with  a  small  side  blade  near  the 
tip,  a  type  which  in  its  later  and  more  developed  form  is  now  wide- 
spread among  the  Eskimo,  particularly  in  Alaska.  Fifteen  of  these 
were  found  at  the  three  Punuk  sites,  all  of  them  made  from  walrus 
ribs.  Most  of  them  are  short  and  only  slightly  curved,  like  the  two 
shown  in  plate  78,  figures  i  and  2.  These  are  rather  far  removed 
from  the  later  and  more  specialized  Alaskan  forms  which  are  longer, 
more  sharply  curved  and  flattened,  and  which  often  have  the  iron 
blades  riveted  to  the  outside ;  these  Punuk  handles  are,  in  fact,  much 
closer  to  some  of  the  Thule  types  (Mathiassen,  1927,  vol.  i,  pi.  18, 
figs.  2,  4 ;  pi.  68,  fig.  4 ;  pi.  83,  fig.  10) .  Plate  78,  figure  3,  is  an  example 
of  the  more  curved  Punuk  type.    Most  of  the  handles  have  no  hole 
