NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  235 
it  is  19  cm  long,  with  a  smooth-rounded  grip  and  a  slight  groove  for 
the  index  finger;  the  pick,  which  was  probably  of  ivory,  rested  in  a 
groove  at  the  front  end  and  was  held  on  by  thongs  passing  through 
a  large  triangular  notch.  Figure  2,  a  surface  find  from  Seklowaghy- 
aget,  is  of  ivory,  and  has  the  same  arrangement  for  the  attachment  of 
the  pick;  the  grip,  however,  is  provided  with  three  broad  notches  for 
the  fingers.  A  similar  specimen  comes  from  Miyowagh,  cut  20,  depth 
39  inches. 
Picks  and  wedges. — Ivory  picks  and  wedges  were  plentiful  and  dif- 
fer in  no  way  from  those  of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  period,  already 
described. 
Mattock  blade. — Plate  80,  figure  2,  is  a  mattock  blade,  38  cm  long, 
made  from  a  whale  rib.  It  is  from  levoghiyoq,  depth  34  inches.  At 
the  upper  end  is  a  hole  for  the  handle,  and  somewhat  below  the  middle 
two  notches  for  the  thongs  which  helped  to  hold  the  handle  taut. 
Snow  shovels. — Snow  shovels  made  of  walrus  scapulae,  like  those 
of  the  Old  Bering  Sea  period,  were  found  at  all  of  the  Punuk  sites. 
Bone  knife. — The  bone  knife,  or  dagger,  is  another  characteristic 
Punuk  element  which  seems  to  have  been  lacking  in  the  Old  Bering 
Sea  period.  Thirty-four  were  found,  twenty-four  of  bone,  ten  of 
ivory.  Three  of  them  are  illustrated  in  plate  79,  figures  4-6.  The  pre- 
vailing type  at  levoghiyoq  and  the  northwestern  section  of  Miyowagh 
is  illustrated  by  the  bone  knife,  figure  5.  The  average  length  is  a  little 
more  than  20  cm,  and  the  width  around  3  cm ;  one  side  is  flat,  the  other 
is  arched  and  has  a  distinct  median  ridge ;  the  end  is  pointed  and  the 
edges  fairly  sharp;  there  is  usually  a  perforation  at  the  end  of  the 
handle  for  a  suspension  cord,  and  occasionally  a  narrow  lateral  slot 
through  the  upper  edge  of  one  blade.  Seven  examples  were  found  at 
Miyowagh,  as  follows:  Cut  i,  depth  42  inches;  cut  3,  54  inches; 
cut  9,  25  inches ;  cut  12,  20  inches  ;  cut  19,  51  inches ;  cut  22,  18  inches ; 
and  from  cache  in  the  floor  of  house  no.  3  (pi.  79,  fig.  5).  Eight  simi- 
lar specimens  come  from  levoghiyoq,  at  the  following  depths :  5 
inches;  12  inches  (3)  ;  19  inches;  25  inches;  31  inches;  42  inches. 
From  Seklowaghyaget  there  are  three,  depth  12  inches,  25  inches, 
and  depth  unknown.  From  the  old  section  of  Gambell  there  are  four, 
depths  16,  24,  and  32  inches  (2).  There  is  also  a  single  specimen  from 
house  no.  8. 
Plate  79,  figure  6,  of  ivory,  levoghiyoq,  depth  39  inches,  along  with 
three  others,  differs  from  the  prevailing  type  in  having  a  median  ridge 
on  both  sides ;  it  is  the  only  one  that  is  decorated. 
Plate  79,  figure  4,  of  ivory,  represents  what  seems  to  be  a  later  type 
found  only  at  Seklowaghyaget  and  the  old  section  of  Gambell.   Like 
