NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  237 
from  those  already  described  :  shafts  of  wood,  some  painted  red  ;  bows 
of  bone  and  wood ;  points  of  bone. 
On  plate  84,  figure  i,  is  shown  a  wooden  fire  hearth  from  house 
no.  7,  at  levoghiyoq ;  it  is  a  large,  flat  piece  of  wood  with  numerous 
charred  pits  made  by  the  shaft  of  the  fire  drill. 
Hand  drills  and  reamers. — Hand  drills  and  reamers  of  bone  and 
ivory  were  equally  abundant,  but  likewise  similar  to  those  of  the  Old 
Bering  Sea  period.  Plate  81,  figure  21,  is  one  of  these,  from  Mi- 
yowagh,  cut  19,  depth  24  inches,  made  from  the  distal  end  of  a  dog 
humerus.  The  point  is  unusually  fine,  being  1.5  mm  in  diameter, 
with  a  sharp  edge  beveled  from  both  sides. 
Engraving  tools. — Plate  81,  figures  17-20,  are  four  engraving  tools 
similar  to  those  from  the  later  section  of  Miyowagh  shown  in  plate  60, 
figures  10,  11.  The  first  three  are  from  levoghiyoq,  depths  22,  12, 
and  31  inches;  figure  20  is  from  the  old  section  of  Gambell,  depth  16 
inches.  Figure  19  is  made  of  wood,  the  others  of  ivory.  Another 
wooden  specimen  comes  from  levoghiyoq,  cut  i,  depth  60  inches.  The 
later  Punuk  type  of  engraving  tool  is  of  simpler  construction  than 
those  of  the  early  Punuk  shown  in  plate  60;  those  from  levoghiyoq 
all  have  a  buttonlike  head,  whereas  figure  20  has  no  enlargement  at 
all.  On  the  last-named  specimen  a  part  of  the  iron  point  still  adheres 
to  the  lower  end. 
Rubbing  tools  and  stone  Hakers. — Rubbing  tools  are  as  abundant  in 
the  Punuk  as  in  the  Old  Bering  Sea,  and  stone  flakers  of  bone  are 
also  found. 
Plate  79,  figure  7,  is  an  ivory  object  of  unknown  use,  from  Mi- 
yowagh, cut  2,  depth  28  inches.  It  is  22.3  cm  long,  pronged  at  one  end, 
rounded  at  the  other ;  the  under  side  is  flat,  the  upper  somewhat  con- 
vex ;  it  gives  the  impression  of  being  unfinished. 
Another  pronged  ivory  object  of  unknown  use,  from  the  old  section 
of  Gambell,  depth  8  inches,  is  shown  on  plate  79,  figure  9.  It  has  some- 
what the  appearance  of  a  "  sealing  scratcher  ",  even  to  the  slot  below 
the  prongs ;  but  the  small  size,  the  decoration,  and  the  wide  lashing 
groove  around  the  lower  end  are  features  which  are  not  found  on  any 
of  the  sealing  scratchers  known  at  present. 
Bone  hook. — Plate  79,  figure  8,  is  a  bone  hook  peculiar  to  the  Punuk 
culture.  It  is  made  from  a  dog  humerus  which  is  perforated  near  the 
proximal  end  for  the  insertion  of  a  sharp  sliver  of  bone.  The  exact 
function  of  these  hooks  is  uncertain  ;  but  the  fact  that  they  are  invari- 
ably made  of  dog  humeri  which  have  a  natural  foramen  at  the  distal 
end  suggests  that  the  latter  was  utilized  as  a  suspension  hole.  In  that 
case  it  could  have  been  attached  to  a  line,  or  more  likely  used  inside 
