NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  255 
were  larger  but  were  constructed  on  the  same  plan ;  earthenware 
lamps  and  cooking  pots  were  apparently  unchanged  and  the  same  was 
true  of  a  number  of  implement  types  such  as  walrus  scapula  shovels ; 
baleen  pails ;  picks ;  mattocks ;  wedges ;  meat  hooks ;  some  forms  of 
knives,  arrows,  and  harpoon  heads ;  drills  and  drill  rests ;  reamers ; 
awls ;  ulus. 
There,  were  other  features,  however,  which  underwent  modification  : 
art ;  harpoon  heads  and  parts ;  bird  darts ;  ice  creepers ;  arrows ;  fish 
line  sinkers  ;  knives  ;  adzes  ;  "  winged  "  objects  ;  needle  cases  ;  sledge 
runners ;  etc..  and  implements  of  chipped  stone  were  almost  entirely 
replaced  by  rubbed  slate.  On  the  other  hand,  many  new  types  of  im- 
plements appeared  which  should  probably  be  explained  as  having  been 
brought  to  the  island  by  newcomers  from  the  Siberian  mainland. 
These  include  whaling  harpoon  heads  ;  blunt  bird  arrows  ;  bird  bolas  ; 
wrist  guards ;  bow  braces  and  sinew  twisters  for  the  sinew-backed 
bow ;  slat  armor ;  sealing  scratchers ;  fishhooks ;  heavy  ivory  net 
sinkers  ;  bone  and  ivory  daggers ;  iron-pointed  engraving  tools ;  many 
ornaments  and  toys.  At  this  time  came  also  the  rectangular  houses 
with  stone  and  bone  walls.  The  modern  underground  houses,  with 
walls  of  vertically  placed  timbers  and  whale  bones  and  with  two  or 
more  low  sleeping  platforms,  along  with  the  modern  types  of  pottery 
lamps  and  cooking  pots,  seem  to  have  been  introduced  at  a  still  later 
time. 
Finally,  we  have  a  number  of  cultural  elements  which  are  charac- 
teristic of  the  present  day  St.  Lawrence  Eskimos  but  which  were  not 
found  at  any  of  the  old  sites,  although  the  absence  of  some  of  them 
at  the  old  section  of  Gambell  is  no  doubt  due  to  the  small  amount  of 
excavating  done  there.  These  elements,  which  must  have  been  intro- 
duced from  Siberia  within  the  past  200  years,  include  the  following : 
Built-up  sledge  with  flat  bone  shoes ;  swivels  and  trace  buckles  for 
dog  harness  ;  ferrules  for  end  of  whip  handle ;  wooden  sealing  retriever 
with  iron  prongs ;  ivory  blocks  for  umiak  sail  lines ;  small  ivory  bird, 
mammal,  and  human  figures,  used  as  toys  ;  torsion  trap  for  foxes ;  net 
gauges ;  pipes ;  beads ;  long,  barbless  arrowheads,  triangular  in  cross- 
section  ;  iron  lance  blades ;  curved  bone  snow  beaters  for  clothing ; 
two-handed  skin  scraper  with  small  stone  or  iron  blade  at  center; 
grass  combs  with  circular  row  of  teeth  ;  and  snow  shoes. 
Although  the  order  of  the  establishment  and  abandonment  of  the 
several  old  Gambell  sites  may  safely  be  assumed  to  have  been  as  out- 
lined above,  there  seems  at  present  no  way  of  determining  their  actual 
ages.  Sections  of  timbers  from  the  sites  were  preserved  for  study, 
but   it   seems  somewhat  doubtful  whether  the  methods   of  dendro- 
