NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGY    OF    ST.    LAWRENCE    ISLAND COLLINS  2^1 
built,  at  least  partly,  of  the  bones  of  the  whale,  and  half  sunk  in  the  earth.  The 
refuse  heaps  in  the  neighborhood  contained  bones  of  several  species  of  the 
whale,  among  them  the  white  whale,  and  of  the  seal,  walrus,   reindeer,  bear, 
dog,  fox,  and  various  kinds  of  birds At  many  places  the  old  Onkilon 
houses  were  used  by  the  Chukclies  as  stores  for  blubber. 
Sverdrup  (1926,  p.  177)  also  describes  house  ruins  of  this  type 
along  the  north  coast  of  the  Chukchee  Peninsula  and  excavated  several 
of  them  on  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kolyma  River.  He  speaks 
of  having  found  potsherds  and  stone  and  bone  implements ;  among 
the  latter  were  two  harpoon  heads  (described  by  Mathiassen,  1927, 
vol.  2,  p.  180)  which  are  identical  with  the  oldest  type  known  from 
the  Point  Barrow  region,  the  "  Birnirk  "  type. 
As  Nordenskiold,  Bogoras,  and  Jochelson  have  all  recognized,  the 
names  Onkilon  and  Namollo  are  nothing  more  than  Ankali  or  An- 
qualan,  and  Nimilu,  designations  applied  by  the  Chukchee  and  Koryak 
to  any  coast  dwellers.  However,  in  the  light  of  recent  archeological 
developments,  it  now  appears  as  highly  probable  that  the  ruined  habi- 
tations along  the  Arctic  coast  of  northeastern  Siberia  are  actually 
those  of  Eskimos  who  formerly  occupied  the  region.  The  old  Eskimo 
harpoon  heads  found  by  Sverdrup  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kolyma  River 
seem  to  afford  clear  evidence  of  such  an  occupancy,  which  may  also 
be  deduced  from  the  fact,  that,  according  to  Bogoras  (1904-09,  p. 
22),  Chukchee  villages  along  the  Bering  Sea  and  Arctic  coasts  have 
names  that  are  more  Eskimo  than  Chukchee. 
Farther  west,  along  the  Arctic  coast  in  the  present  domain  of  the 
Yukaghir,  there  are  found  semisubterra'nean  house  ruins  which  from 
the  meager  descriptions  available  appear  to  have  been  constructed  en- 
tirely of  driftwood,  covered  with  earth.  On  the  basis  of  these  refer- 
ences Jochelson  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  Yukaghir  formerly  occupied 
semisubterranean  houses  (1910-26,  pp.  346-348).  Unfortunately,  the 
original  descriptions  are  so  inadequate  that  the  exact  nature  of  these 
houses  must  for  the  present  remain  in  doubt ;  it  would  be  highly  de- 
sirable if  excavations  could  be  extended  to  this  region  in  order  to 
clear  up  the  relation  between  these  more  westerly  house  ruins  and  those 
presumably  left  by  the  ancestors  of  the  Asiatic  Eskimo  along  the 
Siberian  coast  east  of  the  Kolyma  delta. 
The  next  Asiatic  house  to  be  considered  is  that  of  the  Koryak,  to 
the  south  of  the  Chukchee  Penin.sula.  We  will  not  be  concerned  here 
with  the  habitations  of  the  Reindeer  Koryak,  which  are  heavy  skin- 
covered  tents  resembling  those  of  the  Chukchee  and  Siberian  I'lskimo, 
but  only  with  the  wooden  house  of  the  Maritime  Koryak.   From  Joch- 
